Separation or integration? Further insights from a study on chemical datasets of ancient bronze drums from South and Southeast Guangxi, China

Bronze drums of Types Beiliu and Lingshan, two of the eight types of bronze drums in China, represent the highest level of bronze industry in Guangxi during the Han and Tang dynasties. Because of their distinctive ethnic features and generous size, they have received significant attention. Through the study of 12 drums of Type Beiliu and 7 drums of Type Lingshan, the provenance of ore sources, ethnic characteristics, and their correlations are further discussed. According to the analysis results, the above two types of bronze drum share some common features in alloying patterns, lead isotope ratios, and trace elements. However, they exhibit differences in decorative traditions. This research concludes that although the above two types of bronze drums belong to different local powers, extensive communication existed regarding the boundary. A complex relationship of integration, separation, and confrontation existed among them, which was typical of ancient ethnic society.

Automated summary

Bronze drums of Types Beiliu and Lingshan are representative of the highest level of bronze industry in Guangxi during the Han and Tang dynasties. Through the study of these drums, the research explores their ore sources, ethnic characteristics, and correlations. The study finds common features in alloying patterns, lead isotope ratios, and trace elements, while differences exist in decorative traditions. The research concludes that despite belonging to different local powers, extensive communication and a complex relationship of integration, separation, and confrontation existed between the two types of bronze drums, reflecting the typical characteristics of ancient ethnic society.