Fall Armyworm Gut Bacterial Diversity Associated with Different Developmental Stages, Environmental Habitats, and Diets

Simple Summary Microorganisms play a crucial role during the growth and development of insects. However, as a major invasive pest, the diversity and dynamics of gut microbes with different developmental stages, environmental habitats, and diets in Spodoptera frugiperda remain unclear. The abundant gut microbes of S. frugiperda may be beneficial for its abilities of invasiveness and adaptation. Therefore, it is of great importance to systematically understand the microbial dynamics of S. frugiperda. This study systematically explored the changes of microorganisms of S. frugiperda at each developmental stage. Furthermore, the differences in gut microorganisms of S. frugiperda in different living environments (field and laboratory) and different foods (corn and artificial diet) were also explored. Our results suggest that S. frugiperda gut microbes vary greatly at different developmental stages and demonstrate vertical transmission of bacteria in S. frugiperda. Furthermore, environment and diet can also alter gut microbes. We performed a detailed investigation of the microbial community of S. frugiperda that provides a basis for future research. Since the plasticity of insect gut microbes helps insects utilize different foods and enhances insect fitness, a comprehensive understanding of S. frugiperda's gut microbiome will help develop novel pest control strategies for this invasive pest prevention. The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major invasive pest that seriously threatens world agricultural production and food security. Microorganisms play a crucial role in the growth and development of insects. However, the diversity and dynamics of gut microbes with different developmental stages, environmental habitats, and diets in S. frugiperda remain unclear. In this study, we found the changes of the microbiome of S. frugiperda across their life stages, and the bacteria were dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The community composition of the egg stage was quite different from other developmental stages, which had the highest community diversity and community richness, and was dominated by Proteobacteria. The bacterial community compositions of male and female adults were similar to those of early larvae stage (L1-L2), and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with abundant content were Enterococcus and Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, including Enterobacteria, Klebsiella, Pantoea, and Escherichia. The third instar larvae (L3) mainly consist of Enterococcus. The late stage larvae (L4-L6) harbored high proportions of Enterococcus, Rhodococcus, and Ralstonia. There was no significant difference in gut microbial composition between field populations and laboratory populations in a short period of rearing time. However, after long-term laboratory feeding, the gut microbial diversity of S. frugiperda was significantly reduced. Enterococcus and Rhodococccus of S. frugiperda feeding on maize showed higher relative proportion, while the microbial community of S. frugiperda feeding on artificial diet was composed mainly of Enterococcus, with a total of 98% of the gut microbiota. The gene functions such as metabolism, cell growth and death, transport and catabolism, and environmental adaptation were more active in S. frugiperda feeding on corn than those feeding on artificial diet. In short, these results indicate that developmental stage, habitat, and diet can alter the gut bacteria of S. frugiperda, and suggest a vertical transmission route of bacteria in S. frugiperda. A comprehensive understanding of gut microbiome of S. frugiperda will help develop novel pest control strategies to manage this pest.

Automated summary

This study systematically explored the changes of microorganisms in the gut of Spodoptera frugiperda at different developmental stages, in different habitats, and with different diets. The results suggest that the gut microbiome of S. frugiperda can vary greatly depending on developmental stage, environment, and diet.