Phytochemical profile and biological activities from different parts of Vaccinium vitis-idaea

BACKGROUND: Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.), as an important natural and wild plant resource in the world, has high economic and nutritional values. Many researchers have focused on the effect of antioxidant and enzyme inhibitors. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate the active ingredients, in vitro antioxidant and enzyme-inhibitory activity from different parts (root, stem, leaf, and fruit) of wild lingonberry. METHODS: The active ingredients of lingonberry were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQ-MS/MS). Antioxidant activities were measured by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and CUPRAC assays. Principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerated hierarchical clustering (AHC) were used to analyze the relationship between active ingredients, antioxidant and enzyme-inhibitory activity. RESULTS: Phenolic compounds were significantly higher in leaf and stem. The enzyme inhibitory of the extracts varied observably according to the plant parts. Fruit had the highest acetylcholinesterase (317.67 mg GALAEs/g) and butyrylcholinesterase (346.04 mg GALAEs/g) inhibitory activity, while leaf had the most potent activity on alpha-amylase (256.59 mg ACAEs/g), alpha-glucosidase (186.70 mg ACAEs/g) and tyrosinase (42.87 mg KAEs/g). Tyrosinase had strong correlation and similarity with phenolic acids and flavonoids in the correlation analysis and PCA. CONCLUSIONS: 29 active ingredients were detected, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and triterpenes. Lingonberry sample to inhibit the activity of tyrosinase was associated with five flavonoids (kaempferol-3-O-galactoside, kaempferol-3-O-alpha-D-glucosyl (1 -. 2) galactoside, biorobin,quercetin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside, rutinum) and phenolic acid content (arbutin). These results suggested that the lingonberry could be used as a promising natural resource for functional food and medicinal development.

Automated summary

This study evaluated the active ingredients, antioxidant, and enzyme-inhibitory activity of different parts of wild lingonberry. Phenolic compounds were found to be significantly higher in the leaf and stem. Fruit exhibited the highest inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, while the leaf showed the most potent activity on alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and tyrosinase. Tyrosinase was strongly correlated with phenolic acids and flavonoids. A total of 29 active ingredients, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and triterpenes, were detected. The results suggest that lingonberry has potential as a natural resource for functional food and medicinal development.