The Three Musketeers in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex: Subregion-specific Structural and Functional Plasticity Underlying Fear Memory Stages

Fear memory recruits various brain regions with long-lasting brain-wide subcellular events. The medial prefrontal cortex processes the emo-tional and cognitive functions required for adequately handling fear memory. Several studies have indicated that subdivisions within the medial prefrontal cortex, namely the prelimbic, infralimbic, and anterior cingulate cortices, may play different roles across fear memory states. Through a dedicated cytoarchitecture and connectivity, the three different regions of the medial prefrontal cortex play a specific role in maintaining and extin-guishing fear memory. Furthermore, synaptic plasticity and maturation of neural circuits within the medial prefrontal cortex suggest that remote memories undergo structural and functional reorganization. Finally, recent technical advances have enabled genetic access to transiently activated neuronal ensembles within these regions, suggesting that memory trace cells in these regions may preferentially contribute to processing specific fear memory. We reviewed recently published reports and summarize the molecular, synaptic and cellular events occurring within the medial pre-frontal cortex during various memory stages.

Automated summary

Fear memory recruits multiple brain regions and causes subcellular events throughout the brain. Different regions within the medial prefrontal cortex play distinct roles in different fear memory states. Recent studies have shown that memory trace cells in these regions may contribute preferentially to processing specific fear memory. Understanding the molecular, synaptic, and cellular events in the medial prefrontal cortex during different memory stages is important for comprehending fear memory.