Comprehensive analysis of tissue proteomics in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma uncovers the underlying mechanism of lymph node metastasis and its significant sex disparities

BackgroundLymph node metastasis (LNM) in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is associated with an increased risk of recurrence and poor prognosis. Sex has been regarded as a critical risk factor for LNM. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying LNM and its significant sex disparities in PTMC development. MethodsA direct data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics approach was used to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in PTMC tumorous tissues with or without LNM and from male and female patients with LNM. The functional annotation of DEPs was performed using bioinformatics methods. Furthermore, The Cancer Genome Atlas Thyroid Carcinoma (TCGA-THCA) dataset and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to validate selected DEPs. ResultsThe proteomics profile in PTMC with LNM differed from that of PTMC without LNM. The metastasis-related DEPs were primarily enriched in categories associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and may promote tumor progression by activating oxidative phosphorylation and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Comparative analyses of these DEPs revealed downregulated expression of specific proteins with well-established links to tumor metastasis, such as SLC25A15, DIRAS2, PLA2R1, and MTARC1. Additionally, the proteomics profiles of male and female PTMC patients with LNM were dramatically distinguishable. An elevated level of ECM-associated proteins might be related to more LNM in male PTMC than in female PTMC patients. The upregulated expression levels of MMRN2 and NID2 correlated with sex disparities and showed a positive relationship with unfavorable variables, such as LNMs and poor prognosis. ConclusionsThe proteomics profiles of PTMC show significant differences associated with LNM and its sex disparities, which further expands our understanding of the functional networks and signaling pathways related to PTMC with LNM.

Automated summary

This study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying lymph node metastasis (LNM) and its sex disparities in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) using a proteomics approach. The results showed that LNM in PTMC was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of oxidative phosphorylation and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. The study also found distinct proteomics profiles between male and female PTMC patients with LNM, with elevated levels of extracellular matrix-associated proteins in male patients. Furthermore, certain proteins were identified to be downregulated and correlated with tumor metastasis, while others were upregulated and correlated with sex disparities and poor prognosis. These findings enhance our understanding of the functional networks and signaling pathways related to PTMC with LNM.