Homologous gene regulatory networks control development of apical organs and brains in Bilateria

Apical organs are relatively simple larval nervous systems. The extent to which apical organs are evolutionarily related to the more complex nervous systems of other animals remains unclear. To identify common developmental mechanisms, we analyzed the gene regulatory network (GRN) controlling the development of the apical organ in sea urchins. We characterized the developmental expression of 30 transcription factors and identified key regulatory functions for FoxQ2, Hbn, Delta/Notch signaling, and SoxC in the patterning of the apical organ and the specification of neurons. Almost the entire set of apical transcription factors is expressed in the nervous system of worms, flies, zebrafish, frogs, and mice. Furthermore, a regulatory module controlling the axial patterning of the vertebrate brain is expressed in the ectoderm of sea urchin embryos. We conclude that GRNs controlling the formation of bilaterian nervous systems share a common origin and that the apical GRN likely resembles an ancestral regulatory program.

Automated summary

This study reveals that the development of apical organs in sea urchins shares common developmental mechanisms with the more complex nervous systems of other animals. The gene regulatory network controlling the formation of apical organ involves key transcription factors such as FoxQ2, Hbn, Delta/Notch signaling, and SoxC. These findings suggest that the ancestral regulatory program for the formation of nervous systems in bilaterians likely resembles the regulatory program for apical organ development.