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Article
Microbiology
Sara Terreri et al.
Summary: This study investigated the long-term and functional B cell memory induced by the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers. While specific antibodies declined over time, memory B cells persisted and increased, and breakthrough infections did not show signs of waning immunity.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Medical Laboratory Technology
J. L. Robinson et al.
Summary: Salivary matrix is a potential specimen type for SARS-CoV-2 serology. Antibody assays showed lower sensitivity in saliva samples compared to serum samples, but were capable of detecting vaccine status after two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine up to 6 months, which could inform COVID-19 surveillance.
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Lil Meyer-Arndt et al.
Summary: Advanced age is a major risk factor for severe COVID-19. Vaccination in older individuals produces stronger immune responses compared to middle-aged individuals and COVID-19 convalescents, but the durability of salivary antibodies and neutralizing capacity is lower. Pre-existing spike-specific CD4(+) T cells are a predictor of an efficient COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune response in older individuals.
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Priyal Mistry et al.
Summary: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent COVID-19 pandemic has led to the development of vaccines and investigation into the immune response to the virus. Variants of the virus have presented challenges to vaccine effectiveness. It is important to understand the immune memory response and continue to develop new antibody treatments and future vaccine approaches.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Aqu Alu et al.
Summary: Currently licensed COVID-19 vaccines are administered intramuscularly and fail to activate mucosal immunity, which contributes to the inability to prevent upper respiratory tract infection. The demand for the next generation of COVID-19 vaccines that can induce both mucosal and systemic immune responses has led to the investigation of intranasal vaccination. Several intranasal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are currently under intensive investigation, with 12 candidates in clinical trials at different phases.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Lorenzo Azzi et al.
Summary: BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine induces strong systemic immune response but poorly activates mucosal immunity.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Abbass Darwich et al.
Summary: Vaccination induces the development of mucosal antibodies, protecting against infection. IgG antibodies from plasma can be detected in saliva after receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine, but IgA1 levels are low.
EMBO MOLECULAR MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Xaquin Castro Dopico et al.
Summary: Adaptive immune responses are crucial for viral clearance and protection against re-infection, including SARS-CoV-2. The rapid characterization of the immune response to the virus during the first 20 months of the pandemic has provided a detailed understanding. The development and global rollout of effective COVID-19 vaccines have made a significant impact, although challenges remain in terms of equal access.
JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Salma Sheikh-Mohamed et al.
Summary: Although SARS-CoV-2 mainly infects the upper respiratory tract, little is known about the antibodies generated in the oral cavity in response to COVID-19 vaccination. This study found that most participants had detectable antibodies in their saliva after the first dose of mRNA vaccine. The second dose boosted the IgG response but had little effect on the IgA response. Participants with lower levels of vaccine-induced IgA were more likely to experience breakthrough infections.
MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Amitabh Bipin Suthar et al.
Summary: Increasing vaccination coverage was associated with lower rates of population level covid-19 mortality and incidence in the US. Higher vaccination coverage levels were linked to reduced mortality and incidence rates during the eras of alpha and delta variant predominance.
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Micaela Garziano et al.
Summary: Oral mucosal immunity plays a crucial role in preventing and defending against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Research has shown that after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, the virus neutralization activity in the oral cavity is significantly lower compared to that in the blood.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Katie Healy et al.
Summary: This study found that the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine can induce immune responses in the saliva of immunocompromised individuals to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens. Salivary responses were correlated with specific IgG titers and neutralizing capacity in serum, and had a high predictive power for identifying vulnerable groups for revaccination.
Review
Immunology
Ed C. Lavelle et al.
Summary: Mucosal vaccines have the potential to prevent infections and protect against disease development by inducing adaptive immunity at mucosal sites. However, most current mucosal vaccines consist of live attenuated and inactivated whole-cell preparations, and there is a need for safe and effective mucosal adjuvants and innovative antigen discovery and delivery strategies to advance these vaccines. Advancements in understanding innate and adaptive mucosal immunity, including mucosal antigen-presenting cells and resident memory cells, provide valuable insights to inform mucosal adjuvant design for pathogens like SARS-CoV-2 and cancer.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
David Peterhoff et al.
Summary: The study developed a specific and sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. The ELISA showed high specificity and strong correlation in detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and was able to generate robust antibody levels 10 days after symptom onset.
Article
Microbiology
Pranay R. Randad et al.
Summary: This study found that salivary antibodies could be a noninvasive alternative for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 infection and seropositivity at a population scale. The results showed a high correlation between salivary and serum antibodies, and high sensitivity and specificity of salivary antibodies for detecting COVID-19 infection.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Microbiology
Shan Su et al.
Summary: In the development of a COVID-19 vaccine, it is crucial to prioritize safety and efficacy evaluations, drawing lessons from past vaccine development efforts. Su, Du, and Jiang summarize the lessons from previous vaccine development for other viruses, highlighting how mechanisms of vaccine-associated disease enhancement can inform the development of a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jennifer M. Dan et al.
Summary: Different components of immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 exhibit distinct kinetics, with antibodies and spike-specific memory B cells remaining relatively stable over 6 months, while CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells declining with a half-life of 3 to 5 months after infection.
Article
Cell Biology
Delphine Sterlin et al.
Summary: The study found that humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection are dominated by IgA antibodies, with specific IgA plasmablasts rapidly expanding shortly after symptom onset and peaking in the third week of the disease. Virus-specific antibody responses include IgG, IgM, and IgA, with IgA playing a greater role in virus neutralization compared to IgG.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Adam K. Wheatley et al.
Summary: The durability of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 immunity has major implications for reinfection and vaccine development. Antibody, B cell, and T cell responses decline over the first 4 months post-infection, while S-specific IgG(+) memory B cells consistently accumulate. The study suggests that natural infection may only provide transient protection at a population level, highlighting the need for more immunogenic and durable vaccines.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Review
Infectious Diseases
David S. Y. Ong et al.
Summary: Molecular tests are considered the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnostics, but serological and immunological tests can also be valuable in certain situations. The presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 may indicate a recent or past COVID-19 infection, and tests like ELISA and CLIA have higher sensitivities. Cellular immunity is crucial in host defences against viruses, and T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 can provide important information on past infections.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2021)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Mariana Costa Calheira et al.
Summary: The study aimed to standardize an immunoassay to measure IgA specific to P. gingivalis antigens in the saliva of individuals with leprosy. The results showed specific recognition predominantly occurred in individuals with periodontitis.
Article
Immunology
Peter A. van der Ley et al.
Summary: The development of more effective, accessible, and easy to administer COVID-19 vaccines is crucial in curbing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Concerns exist regarding reduced vaccine-induced immune protection to emerging variants, potentially necessitating booster vaccinations for broader and stronger immune responses. Intranasal vaccines can induce local mucosal immunity targeting the primary route of viral entry, with the potential to block transmission, offering practicality in cost and administration.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Jeromine Klingler et al.
Summary: This study examined antibody responses in plasma and saliva after vaccination or infection, finding a significant correlation between the two despite differences in Ig isotypes. Plasma antibodies demonstrated comparable neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) potencies, but vaccination induced a greater capacity to activate complement compared to convalescent individuals.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Yudi T. Pinilla et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in saliva act as the first line of defense against the virus, persisting in plasma and saliva for up to 15 months following a mild COVID-19 infection. The IgG antibody response remained stable in both plasma and saliva, and showed a strong boost after a single dose of COVID-19 vaccination.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Mariapia Guerrieri et al.
Summary: The study found that mRNA COVID-19 vaccine induces specific immune responses in nasal and salivary secretions against SARS-CoV-2, with stronger effects observed after the second dose of the vaccine. This suggests that mucosal antibody assays could potentially be used for non-invasive monitoring of vaccine-induced protection against viral infection.
Letter
Virology
Ivana Lapic et al.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Virology
George W. Carnell et al.
Summary: The study found that immunization with a closed state S protein trimer in mice can induce strong neutralizing antibody responses, despite the receptor binding site being occluded. Closed spikes have different protein binding properties and induce more potent neutralizing responses than expected, recruiting distinct immune responses that include neutralizing antibodies against conformational epitopes present in the closed state. The findings suggest that closed spikes, along with their improved stability and storage properties, may be a valuable component of refined, next-generation vaccines.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ni Huang et al.
Summary: The study highlights the potential role of the oral cavity in COVID-19 pathogenesis, with evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission via saliva. Viral shedding dynamics in saliva correlated with symptoms, and asymptomatic individuals were found to harbor sustained salivary antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 post-recovery.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Matthew J. Page et al.
Summary: The PRISMA statement was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report the purpose, methods, and findings of their reviews. The updated PRISMA 2020 statement includes new reporting guidance, a 27-item checklist, an abstract checklist, and revised flow diagrams for reviews.
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
F. Javier Ibarrondo et al.
Summary: Studies on two SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have shown that they provide about 95% protection from symptomatic infection in the short term, but questions remain about the comparison and stability of vaccine-induced antibody levels to natural infection. Antibody levels decline similarly after vaccination and natural infection, indicating potential need for booster shots.
Article
Virology
Julien Favresse et al.
Summary: Assessing and comparing neutralizing antibodies in COVID-19 patients and vaccinated individuals revealed stronger responses in moderate-severe patients compared to mild patients, while vaccinated individuals had significantly higher NAbs levels than patients.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Matthias Becker et al.
Summary: This study characterizes the antibody response from vaccinated, infected, and uninfected individuals against emerging variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2, indicating reduced neutralization of a South African isolate. High IgG titers in the saliva of vaccinees suggest reduced transmission potential.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo et al.
Summary: The study found that the second dose of the vaccine increases immunity in naive individuals, while those who previously recovered from COVID-19 reach their peak immunity after the first dose. This suggests that a second dose may not be necessary for individuals who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 before.
Article
Immunology
A. Vitiello et al.
Summary: A massive global COVID-19 vaccination campaign is ongoing, with studies showing excellent efficacy and safety of the vaccines. However, there is a lack of data on the effect of decreasing infection probability among vaccinated individuals compared to unvaccinated ones.
INFLAMMOPHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Kevin J. Selva et al.
Summary: Both infection and vaccination can induce SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies in tears. RBD-specific IgG antibodies in tears were induced by vaccination but were not present 7 months post-infection, suggesting limited neutralizing antibodies in tears late following infection.
CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Cesar Victora et al.
Summary: The rapid scaling up of vaccination coverage among elderly individuals in Brazil was associated with significant declines in relative mortality compared to younger individuals, particularly in the context of the predominance of the gamma variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Article
Immunology
Miao Li et al.
IMMUNOLOGY LETTERS
(2020)
Editorial Material
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Leticia Moreno-Fierros et al.
EXPERT OPINION ON BIOLOGICAL THERAPY
(2020)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Gregory A. Poland et al.
Review
Immunology
Katie L. Flanagan et al.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Immunology
Michael W. Russell et al.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2020)
Review
Immunology
Swati Jain et al.
Review
Microbiology
Per Brandtzaeg
JOURNAL OF ORAL MICROBIOLOGY
(2013)
