4.8 Review

Effects of sex steroids on thymic epithelium and thymocyte development

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Summary: Strong epidemiological evidence supports the important role of sex as a biologic variable in immunity, particularly in relation to COVID-19. However, the underlying mechanisms of sex differences in immune-mediated conditions still require further investigation. Recent experimental data have provided insights into how sex-defining factors impact immune responses and have potential implications for personalized patient care. This review focuses on recent findings regarding sex differences in autoimmunity, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cancer immunotherapy, and emphasizes the importance of understanding these mechanisms for the development of sex-based approaches to disease screening and treatment.

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