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Article
Immunology
Daniel Junker et al.
Summary: Using a large diverse cohort, this study found that the Omicron variant can bind to ACE2 more efficiently than inhibitory antibodies. Antibodies elicited by infection or immunization showed reduced binding capacities and ACE2 binding inhibition compared to wild type. Both Omicron variants are able to evade control by preexisting antibodies.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Kevin Yau et al.
Summary: In patients undergoing hemodialysis, mRNA-1273 elicited a stronger humoral response than BNT162b2. A third dose is recommended for patients who received BNT162b2 due to rapid decline in immunogenicity at 12 weeks.
CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Katlyn Lederer et al.
Summary: This study compared the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in healthy individuals and kidney transplant recipients by analyzing lymph nodes. The results showed that kidney transplant recipients had significantly impaired immune responses, including reduced GC B cell responses, hindered T follicular helper cell function, and decreased memory B cell and neutralizing antibody responses. They also had reduced frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. These findings suggest impaired GC-derived immunity in immunocompromised individuals following mRNA vaccination.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Vivek Naranbhai et al.
Summary: This study shows that T cell responses to the Omicron variant are largely preserved in individuals with prior infection, vaccination, or booster vaccination, although a subset of individuals may experience a reduction in T cell reactivity to the Omicron spike protein.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: T cell responses induced by different vaccine platforms cross-recognize early SARS-CoV-2 variants, while memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies show significant decreases. The majority of memory T cell responses are preserved against variants, with lower recognition of Omicron by memory B cells.
Article
Microbiology
Hongjie Xia et al.
Summary: Two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine demonstrate high efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and also provide neutralization against Omicron SARS-CoV-2. The study shows that the neutralization response improves with the third dose, but decreases slightly after four months.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Review
Infectious Diseases
Simon Galmiche et al.
Summary: This article systematically reviews the immunogenicity, efficacy, and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised populations. The results highlight the risk of low immunogenicity in solid organ transplant recipients and patients with hematological malignancy. Enhanced vaccine regimens may be necessary despite the lack of vaccine effectiveness data.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2022)
Article
Urology & Nephrology
Maxime Espi et al.
Summary: The level of protection provided by two doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) is uncertain. This study found that vaccination significantly reduced the incidence and severity of COVID-19, but 11% of patients infected after two doses still died. Lack of protection in SARS-CoV-2-naive patients could be due to defective T-cell response and failure to generate sufficient neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. Administering a third dose of vaccine improved protection in low/no responders. High responders did not show an increase in antibodies after the third dose but experienced more side effects. The antibody and T-cell response after two doses can guide personalized administration of the third dose in MHD patients.
KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Rolando Pajon et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Alex Dulovic et al.
Summary: Recent increases in SARS-CoV-2 infections have raised questions about the duration and quality of vaccine-induced immune protection. This study analyzed samples from a large population-based seroprevalence study in Germany and found that mRNA-based or heterologous prime-boost vaccination resulted in higher antibody responses compared to vector-based homologous vaccination. Previously infected individuals had a robust immune response after vaccination, regardless of the vaccine received.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Corine H. GeurtsvanKessel et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that vaccinated individuals retain T cell immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, despite low levels of neutralizing antibodies. Booster vaccinations can partially restore cross-neutralization of the Omicron variant.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Urology & Nephrology
Ilias Bensouna et al.
Summary: The effectiveness of a third dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine in patients undergoing dialysis treatment was investigated, and it was found that the third dose significantly increased antibody levels.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES
(2022)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Baoqi Zeng et al.
Summary: This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC). The results showed that full vaccination was highly effective against the Alpha variant and moderately effective against the Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants. Booster vaccination was more effective against the Delta and Omicron variants. mRNA vaccines appeared to have higher effectiveness against the VOC compared to other vaccines.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Zeli Zhang et al.
Summary: Multiple COVID-19 vaccines have successfully protected against symptomatic cases and deaths. Comparisons of T cell, B cell, and antibody responses to different vaccines can provide insights into protective immunity against COVID-19, particularly immune memory. mRNA vaccines and Ad26.COV2.S induced strong T cell responses, while mRNA vaccines showed substantial declines in antibodies.
Letter
Urology & Nephrology
Moritz Anft et al.
KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Editorial Material
Oncology
Nicole M. Kuderer et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Roanne Keeton et al.
Summary: Despite reduced neutralizing antibody activity, T cell responses induced by vaccination or infection can cross-recognize the Omicron variant and provide protection.
Article
Immunology
Yaniv Lustig et al.
Summary: This prospective cohort study assesses the immunogenicity, vaccine effectiveness, and safety of a third dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. The study finds that the third dose of the vaccine demonstrates superior quantity and quality of IgG antibodies compared to the second dose, and safely enhances protection against infection.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Gili Regev-Yochay et al.
Summary: Health care workers in Israel received a fourth dose of mRNA vaccine during the prevalence of the omicron variant. The fourth dose boosted antibody levels but did not surpass the maximum observed after the third dose. The vaccine demonstrated an efficacy of 31 to 43% against symptomatic disease.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Paulina Kaplonek et al.
Summary: The successful development of COVID-19 vaccines has led to reduced morbidity and mortality. However, the emergence of viral variants has affected the efficacy of the vaccines, showing differences between two approved mRNA platforms, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. Understanding the differences in immune responses induced by these vaccines is important for determining their protective immunity.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Daniel Junker et al.
Summary: This study developed a new serological multiplex assay to analyze ACE2 binding inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs and VOIs. The study found that ACE2 binding inhibition correlated with disease severity and antibody levels in COVID-19 patients.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Marit J. van Gils et al.
Summary: This study compares the neutralization ability of different vaccines against various SARS-CoV-2 variants and finds that mRNA vaccines are superior to adenovirus vector-based vaccines in inducing neutralizing antibodies, both after initial vaccination and booster vaccination.
Article
Immunology
Louise Benning et al.
Summary: Hemodialysis patients have a high risk of severe COVID-19, and their seroconversion rates after COVID-19 vaccination are impaired. However, a third vaccine dose significantly increases their neutralizing activity against the B.1.617.2 variant. Therefore, booster vaccinations should be considered earlier for immunocompromised individuals.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Min Kyung Jung et al.
Summary: An analysis of memory T cells induced by mRNA vaccination shows that they maintain polyfunctionality in response to the Omicron spike protein. This finding is important for understanding the role of vaccines in combating new variants of the virus.
NATURE MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Frank-Peter Tillmann et al.
Summary: This study examines the effect of repeated vaccinations on neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels, identifies risk factors for immunological non-response, and reports breakthrough infections in chronic hemodialysis patients. The results show that third and fourth booster vaccinations lead to higher and longer-lasting antibody levels compared to two doses. Age and immunosuppressive medications are identified as major risk factors for vaccination failure. Repeated booster vaccinations can effectively increase antibody levels in low-responders.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Sammy Patyna et al.
Summary: A study investigated the long-term effect of two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients receiving chronic intermittent hemodialysis (CIHD). The results showed a moderate immune response after the second dose, but significantly decreasing antibody levels and less than half of the study group showed neutralizing antibodies after six months. Booster vaccines dramatically increased the immune response, with response rates of 89.2% for antibody levels and 94.6% for neutralizing antibodies. In a subgroup with no or low response, there was a failure of corresponding T cell response after the booster vaccine. Regular testing of neutralizing antibodies and consecutive booster vaccinations are strongly recommended for CIHD patients to provide stronger and persistent immunity.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Kasama Manothummetha et al.
Summary: This systematic review and meta-analysis found that solid organ transplant recipients had low rates of positive antibody response despite receiving multiple doses of mRNA vaccines. Factors associated with poor antibody response included older age, deceased donor status, antimetabolite use, and recent exposure to rituximab or antithymocyte globulin.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Lorenzo De Marco et al.
Summary: This cohort study in Italy showed that the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was recognized by the cellular component of the immune system in immunized adults, despite mutations in the spike protein. It is reasonable to assume that protection from hospitalization and severe disease will be maintained.
Article
Immunology
Karlijn van der Straten et al.
Summary: Large-scale vaccination campaigns have been effective in preventing hospitalizations and deaths from COVID-19, but the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that can evade immunity poses challenges to vaccine effectiveness. This study found that certain variants, particularly Omicron BA.1 and BA.2, were highly resistant to neutralization by antibodies produced in response to other variants. This suggests that vaccine updates may be necessary to ensure continued protection against evolving strains.
Review
Immunology
Alessandro Sette et al.
Summary: Immunological memory is the foundation of protective immunity provided by vaccines and previous infections. Significantly progress has been made in understanding the memory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines, surpassing that of any other acute infectious disease. This knowledge can inform public policies and scientific development of future vaccines.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Cho-Chin Cheng et al.
Summary: Hemodialysis patients benefit from receiving a fourth COVID-19 vaccination, as it significantly increases their neutralization capacity against the Delta and Omicron variants.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Georg M. N. Behrens et al.
Summary: Heterologous prime/boost vaccination with a vector-based approach followed by an mRNA vaccine has been found to induce better protective immunity compared to homologous vaccination. A third vaccine dose enhances the waning anti-spike IgG and restores neutralizing antibody responses against several variants of the virus, except for the Omicron variant.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Cecile Janssen et al.
Summary: The study aimed to compare the immune response induced by heterologous and homologous SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations. Results showed higher levels of neutralizing antibodies with heterologous vaccination, but also more severe adverse reactions.
Article
Immunology
Alex Dulovic et al.
Summary: This study examines the immune responses in hemodialysis patients after vaccination and finds that 4 months after receiving the Pfizer-BioN-Tech BNT162b2 vaccine, the cellular and humoral responses against the original SARS-CoV-2 isolate and variants of concern are significantly reduced, and some patients have no detectable B- or T-cell responses.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Michiel J. M. Niesen et al.
Summary: Two studies demonstrate that booster vaccination with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 effectively reduces the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, mitigates waning vaccine effectiveness, and provides protection comparable to that observed 7 to 73 days after the initial vaccine series.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Guido Forni et al.
Summary: The development of vaccines has made significant progress, but still faces various challenges, including different target populations, immunological adaptability of vaccines, and production and distribution issues. To ensure equitable access, protection of diverse subjects, and immunity against viral variants, multiple vaccines may be needed in the long run.
CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION
(2021)
Article
Urology & Nephrology
Jens Van Praet et al.
Summary: Patients on hemodialysis exhibit incomplete and delayed humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, with mRNA-1273 vaccine showing greater immunogenicity compared to BNT162b2. Factors such as COVID-19 experience, vaccine type, use of immunosuppressive drugs, and other clinical parameters are independent predictors of immune responses in this population.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Alasdair P S Munro et al.
Article
Immunology
Agnes Bonifacius et al.
Summary: Research showed that active COVID-19 patients had high levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike IgG, but overall reduced antiviral T cell responses due to inflammatory environment, expression of inhibitory molecules, and effector caspase activity in T cells.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Matthias Becker et al.
Summary: The humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for understanding COVID-19 progression, monitoring seroconversion, and supporting vaccine development. A multiplex immunoassay has been developed, including spike and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and endemic human coronaviruses, with high specificity and sensitivity.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Gisella Guerrera et al.
Summary: Vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine induces a sustained anti-viral T cell response for at least 6 months, demonstrating immunological competence and long-term memory against SARS-CoV-2.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Jose G. Montoya et al.
Summary: Studies on antibody responses by vaccine brand are lacking, but this study found that mRNA-1273 elicited higher IgG antibody responses compared to BNT162b2 after the second dose. This difference may have implications for manufacturing processes and dose regimens of these vaccines.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Metodi Stankov et al.
Summary: The study shows that after a single dose of vaccine, the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 variants by antibodies is weak and T-cell responses are low, with significant improvement only after the second dose. This calls into question the role of neutralizing antibodies in protecting against COVID-19 after a single vaccination, highlighting the importance of cellular immunity.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Ilies Benotmane et al.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2021)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Deborah Steensels et al.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jackson S. Turner et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce a persistent germinal centre B cell response in humans, leading to the generation of robust humoral immunity, especially more significant in individuals previously infected with the virus.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Joana Barros-Martins et al.
Summary: A study found that booster vaccination with BNT162b2 in healthcare professionals previously vaccinated with ChAdOx-1 nCoV-19 elicited more neutralizing antibodies and higher frequencies of virus-specific T cells. Additionally, BNT162b2 induced high titers of neutralizing antibodies against variants of concern, such as B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jose Mateus et al.
Summary: This study examined the immune responses to the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine over 7 months, finding that subjects with preexisting cross-reactive T cell memory exhibited stronger CD4(+) T cell and antibody responses to the vaccine. This demonstrates the biological relevance and potential importance of cross-reactive T cells in generating immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Matthias Becker et al.
Summary: This study characterizes the antibody response from vaccinated, infected, and uninfected individuals against emerging variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2, indicating reduced neutralization of a South African isolate. High IgG titers in the saliva of vaccinees suggest reduced transmission potential.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Monika Strengert et al.
Summary: Patients on maintenance haemodialysis show detectable but variable cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern after receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine. While encouraging, the diminished virus neutralization and interferon gamma responses in the face of emerging variants may indicate a need for re-vaccination using modified vaccines in this at-risk population.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Georg M. N. Behrens et al.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND THERAPY
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Hannes Planatscher et al.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2013)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
HF Rabenau et al.
