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Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Katharina Roltgen et al.
Summary: During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, different vaccines have been used globally. This study compares the antibodies generated by mRNA vaccines, infection, and other types of vaccines. It shows that mRNA vaccines result in a better antibody breadth against viral variants compared to infection. Infection leads to variant-specific antibodies, while mRNA vaccination imprints responses towards the original virus strain. mRNA vaccines also stimulate robust germinal centers in lymph nodes, enhancing the immune response.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: T cell responses induced by different vaccine platforms cross-recognize early SARS-CoV-2 variants, while memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies show significant decreases. The majority of memory T cell responses are preserved against variants, with lower recognition of Omicron by memory B cells.
Editorial Material
Immunology
Seong Jin Choi et al.
CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Leo Swadling et al.
Summary: Research suggests that some individuals can clear potential SARS-CoV-2 infection after exposure, with T cells playing a role in the process. Studying healthcare workers who tested negative for antibodies revealed that they had stronger and more diverse memory T cells, with a focus on RTC.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jinyan Liu et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that cellular immunity induced by current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is highly conserved to the Omicron spike protein. Individuals vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S or BNT162b2 vaccines showed durable spike-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses that were cross-reactive to both the Delta and Omicron variants, including in central and effector memory cellular subpopulations.
Review
Immunology
Paul Moss
Summary: T cell immunity plays a central role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, with early responses correlating with protection. T cell memory provides broad recognition of viral proteins, limiting the impact of viral variants and offering protection against severe disease. Current COVID-19 vaccines elicit robust T cell responses, contributing to the prevention of hospitalization or death. Therefore, the importance of T cell immunity may have been underestimated.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yu Gao et al.
Summary: This study found that SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells induced by prior infection or BNT162b2 vaccination provide extensive immune coverage against the Omicron variant. Additionally, T cells induced by BNT162b2 vaccination exhibit higher cross-reactivity to the Omicron variant compared to T cells induced by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Rolando Pajon et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Catherine J. Reynolds et al.
Summary: The study found that the initial strain of SARS-CoV-2 infection's impact on downstream immunity to heterologous variants of concern (VOCs) is unknown. After three antigen exposures, neutralization potency against different VOCs changed, and serology poorly predicted neutralizing immunity. Heterologous combinations of spike encountered during infection and vaccination shape subsequent cross-protection against VOCs.
Article
Immunology
Krystallenia Paniskaki et al.
Summary: In this study, the immune response of 8 patients infected with the alpha variant after receiving double mRNA-based vaccines was analyzed. The results showed that these patients had no detectable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response against the S protein of the alpha variant, but had a strong CD4+ T cell response against the N and M proteins. Furthermore, a delayed CD4+ T cell response against the alpha S protein was observed during disease progression. These patients also had lower neutralizing antibody titers against the alpha variant compared to the vaccinated control group. Therefore, it may be necessary to include VBI patients in alternative vaccination strategies and include additional antigenic targets in next-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
David J. Hamelin et al.
Summary: The global dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 has led to the emergence of diverse variants, and this study reveals how these variants affect HLA-restricted T cell immunity. The results suggest that individuals with certain HLA-B alleles, particularly those belonging to the B7 supertype family, may have a reduced ability to mount an effective T cell response against the virus.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Adrienn Angyal et al.
Summary: This study compares immune responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in healthcare workers with and without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The results show that previously infected individuals have stronger spike-specific T-cell and antibody responses after receiving a single dose of the vaccine compared to SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals. This suggests that a single dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine is likely to provide better protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with previous infection.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Lauren B. Rodda et al.
Summary: Research found that individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 generate more specific memory B cells, variant-neutralizing antibodies, and a distinct population of memory CD4(+) T cells compared to those who were previously naive. Additional vaccination does not replicate the unique CD4(+) T cell cytokine profile observed in previously infected individuals.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Matthew Gagne et al.
Summary: This study shows that both mRNA-1273 and mRNA-Omicron generate comparable immunity and protection after booster doses, and are able to neutralize the Omicron variant.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Roanne Keeton et al.
Summary: Despite reduced neutralizing antibody activity, T cell responses induced by vaccination or infection can cross-recognize the Omicron variant and provide protection.
Article
Immunology
Rahul K. Suryawanshi et al.
Summary: This study shows that infection with the Omicron variant induces a limited immune response and may not provide broad protection against non-Omicron variants in unvaccinated individuals. However, Omicron breakthrough infections enhance pre-existing immunity elicited by vaccines. This has important implications for controlling the pandemic and the use of vaccines.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Editorial Material
Immunology
Shiv Pillai
Summary: Vaccination generates broader antibody responses compared to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccination induces germinal center B cell responses and produces antibodies that can bind viral variants. On the other hand, COVID-19 from SARS-CoV-2 infection sustains immune imprinting, resulting in limited antibody responses.
TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Vincent Pavot et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates that an adjuvanted protein-based SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccine booster enhances cross-neutralization of variants, including omicron, in non-human primates.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Julia Lang-Meli et al.
Summary: The study found that T cells predominantly targeted non-spike epitopes in convalescent individuals, while there was a broader spike-specific T-cell response in vaccinees. The spike-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses play a crucial role in combating variant viruses.
NATURE MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Arbor G. Dykema et al.
Summary: The study analyzed the CD4+ T cell receptor repertoire specific to the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein before and after vaccination in COVID-19 convalescent patients and healthy donor vaccine recipients. The post-vaccine repertoire mainly consisted of vaccine-induced clones, which were distinct from the repertoire induced by natural infection.
Article
Immunology
Jasmin Quandt et al.
Summary: The Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection in BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals showed strong neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and previous SARS-CoV-2 variants. The memory B cells induced by the breakthrough infection targeted epitopes shared broadly among variants. The vaccination-imprinted memory B cell pool was capable of remodeling in response to heterologous SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein exposure. However, variants that acquire alterations at conserved sites may have increased susceptibility to immune escape.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Lorenzo De Marco et al.
Summary: This cohort study in Italy showed that the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was recognized by the cellular component of the immune system in immunized adults, despite mutations in the spike protein. It is reasonable to assume that protection from hospitalization and severe disease will be maintained.
Review
Immunology
Kaixi Ding et al.
Summary: The newly discovered Omicron variant has attracted attention from the World Health Organization due to its large number of unusual mutations, making it potentially vaccine resistant, highly infectious, and highly pathogenic. However, there is emerging epidemiological evidence suggesting that this variant may result in milder symptoms, which could indicate the beginning of the end for the global COVID-19 pandemic.
IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Li Guo et al.
Summary: This study investigated the durability and functionality of the humoral and T-cell response to the original SARS-CoV-2 strain and variants in recovered patients 12 months after infection. The results showed that neutralising antibodies and T-cell responses were retained 12 months after initial infection. However, the neutralising antibody responses to the D614G, beta, and delta variants were reduced compared to the original strain, while T-cell responses were cross-reactive to the beta variant. This suggests that cross-reactive T-cell responses may be particularly important in protecting against severe disease caused by variants, while neutralising antibody responses seem to diminish over time.
Review
Cell Biology
Katherine Kedzierska et al.
Summary: This article discusses epitope-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, their persistence in long-term memory, and their role in limiting disease severity.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Stephen J. Kent et al.
Summary: Understanding the role of T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial for the design of next-generation vaccines. This perspective discusses the challenges in determining the causal relationship between vaccine-induced T cell immunity and protection from COVID-19, and proposes an approach to gather evidence and clarify the role of vaccine-induced T cell memory in protecting against severe COVID-19.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Letter
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Cai He et al.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Rishi R. Goel et al.
Summary: This study found that immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants remains robust for at least 6 months after mRNA vaccination, with antibodies declining but still detectable in most individuals. mRNA vaccines also induced functional memory B cells and antigen-specific T cells, with recall responses primarily increasing antibody levels in individuals with preexisting immunity.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Adam K. Wheatley et al.
Summary: The durability of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 immunity has major implications for reinfection and vaccine development. Antibody, B cell, and T cell responses decline over the first 4 months post-infection, while S-specific IgG(+) memory B cells consistently accumulate. The study suggests that natural infection may only provide transient protection at a population level, highlighting the need for more immunogenic and durable vaccines.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Thushan de Silva et al.
Summary: Variants within dominant SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes have been identified through global sequence data analysis. These variants, independently arising in multiple lineages, result in loss of T cell recognition of specific epitopes. The findings demonstrate the potential for T cell evasion and emphasize the importance of ongoing surveillance for variants capable of escaping immune responses.
Review
Microbiology
Alba Grifoni et al.
Summary: This review summarizes recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes, highlighting the significant correlation between epitope number and antigen size. It also presents an analysis of 1,400 different reported SARS-CoV-2 epitopes and identifies discrete immunodominant regions of the virus and more prevalently recognized epitopes.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Antonio Bertoletti et al.
Summary: Virus-specific T cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection can play a dual role in either protection or pathogenesis, highlighting the importance of studying the function of these cells for future therapeutic and preventative strategies.
CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Mark M. Painter et al.
Summary: The study found that after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, CD4(+) T cell responses in naïve individuals were fast, while CD8(+) T cell responses developed gradually. Th1 and Tfh cell responses after the first dose were correlated with post-boost CD8(+) T cells and neutralizing antibodies.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lucie Loyal et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates that preexisting spike-cross-reactive T cells play a functional role in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Cross-reactive immunity may explain the rapid induction of immunity after primary SARS-CoV-2 immunization and the high rate of asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 cases.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Naoki Kaneko et al.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Moritz Anft et al.
Article
Immunology
Marc Lipsitch et al.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Cell Biology
Constantin J. Thieme et al.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2020)
