4.6 Review

Recent Developments in Autism Genetic Research: A Scientometric Review from 2018 to 2022

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Summary: Female Phenotype Theory suggests that autistic women often have less obvious social impairments. Two nationwide online surveys compared self-reported social functioning and mental health between diagnosed autistic women and undiagnosed but probably autistic women. The findings showed that probably autistic women had higher empathy and general social functioning, and were more likely to be diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. Autistic women had received more mental health diagnoses prior to their ASC diagnosis than autistic men.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence. A systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis

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Summary: This study revealed a significant relationship between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and gender dysphoria/incongruence (GD/GI). The prevalence of ASD diagnoses in GD/GI individuals was found to be 11%, while there was a significant difference in ASD traits between GD/GI individuals and control individuals.

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Autism Through the Ages: A Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding How Age and Age of Diagnosis Affect Quality of Life

Gray Atherton et al.

Summary: Many autistic adults are diagnosed later in life, affecting their mental health. Research shows lower quality of life and higher autistic traits in autistic adults, with a need for specialized support despite empowerment from diagnosis.

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Expanding the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of CHD2-related disease: From early neurodevelopmental disorders to adult-onset epilepsy

Beatrice De Maria et al.

Summary: The CHD2 gene encodes a crucial enzyme associated with various early onset phenotypes, including epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders. Studies have shown a wide range of CHD2 pathogenic variants in patients, leading to diverse phenotypes such as developmental delay, intellectual disability, and epilepsy.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART A (2022)

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Modeling dopamine dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: From invertebrates to vertebrates

Gabriella E. DiCarlo et al.

Summary: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and restricted interests/repetitive behaviors. Over 1000 genes and 2000 copy number variants have been implicated in ASD. It is believed that there is not a single genetic cause or neurobiological basis for ASD, but rather multiple subtypes with different genetic and neurobiological perturbations. Dopamine dysfunction may be one potential subtype associated with ASD. This research provides a framework for subcategorizing ASD based on genetic changes, neurobiological differences, and behavioral features.

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The Diagnosis and Management of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Adult Females in the Presence or Absence of an Intellectual Disability

Tanzil Rujeedawa et al.

Summary: This article reviews the reasons for the higher proportion of males diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder in the non-intellectually disabled population and compares it to autism diagnosed in intellectually disabled individuals. Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for reducing health inequalities. Females often receive a diagnosis later. The differences lie in core features such as social interaction and repetitive behaviors, which are less noticeable in females and can be explained by biological differences and/or differences in presentation between the two sexes. Females are more likely to present with internalizing co-occurring conditions. The article also reviews methods to potentially improve diagnosis in females and current and future management strategies.

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Epileptic Phenotypes Associated With SNAREs and Related Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis Machinery

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Influence of Prenatal Drug Exposure, Maternal Inflammation, and Parental Aging on the Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Atsushi Sato et al.

Summary: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects social interaction and behavior. The causes of ASD include genetic alterations and environmental risks. Environmental risks include medication exposure, maternal complications during pregnancy, and advanced parental age. Evidence suggests that exposure to valproic acid (VPA) and maternal inflammation are related to the development of ASD. The mechanisms by which environmental factors contribute to ASD are not fully understood.

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Reconsidering animal models used to study autism spectrum disorder: Current state and optimizing future

Jill L. Silverman et al.

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Genomics, convergent neuroscience and progress in understanding autism spectrum disorder

Helen Rankin Willsey et al.

Summary: This article explores the genes associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and discusses the use of convergent neuroscience approaches to understand the pathobiology of ASD.

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Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Diagnostic, Neurobiological, and Behavioral Features

Antonio Napolitano et al.

Summary: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a prevalence of about 1%, characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, repetitive behaviors, and sensory reactivity. It is more common in males and can be associated with anxiety, depression, hyperactivity, and attention problems.

FRONTIERS IN PSYCHIATRY (2022)

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Fostering socio-emotional competencies in children on the autism spectrum using a parent-assisted serious game: A multicenter randomized controlled trial

Simone Kirst et al.

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Accounting for motion in resting-state fMRI: What part of the spectrum are we characterizing in autism spectrum disorder?

Mary Beth Nebel et al.

Summary: Excluding high-motion participants can reduce the impact of motion in fMRI data, but it may introduce biases in the sample. This study aims to document the biases introduced by motion exclusion practices and propose a framework to address these biases. The results show that excluding high-motion autistic children leads to a sample with older age and less severe clinical profiles, and these children also exhibit differences in functional connectivity strength.

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The 22q11.2 region regulates presynaptic gene-products linked to schizophrenia

Ralda Nehme et al.

Summary: The mechanism by which the 22q11.2 deletion predisposes to psychiatric disease is not well understood. In this study, the authors investigated human neuronal cells and found that the deletion regulates the expression of genes associated with autism, schizophrenia, and synaptic biology. Using induced pluripotent stem cells and CRISPR/Cas9 technology, the researchers found that the deletion alters the abundance of transcripts associated with neurodevelopmental disorders during differentiation into neural progenitor cells. Furthermore, the altered transcripts in excitatory neurons were found to encode presynaptic factors and were associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia.

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Role of Gut Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Its Therapeutic Regulation

Masuma Afrin Taniya et al.

Summary: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological disorder that affects brain development. The recent discovery of the microbiota-gut-brain axis reveals the connection between gut microbiota and neurological disorders such as autism. Factors like early colonization, mode of delivery, and antibiotic usage significantly impact the gut microbiome and the onset of autism. The fermentation of plant-based fiber produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) that can have either positive or negative effects on the gut and neurological development of autistic patients. Comprehensive studies on the gut microbiome and microbiota-gut-brain axis aid in understanding the mechanisms underlying neurological disorders and identifying potential treatments for autism.

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Genetics of autism spectrum disorder: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Shuang Qiu et al.

Summary: This article presents an umbrella review of genetic studies on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and provides a comprehensive overview of the risk genes associated with ASD. The study identifies significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes such as CNTNAP2, MTHFR, OXTR, SLC25A12, and VDR that may confer ASD risks. The findings offer evidence-based information for clinicians and healthcare decision-makers, guiding future treatment, prevention, and research.

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mTOR-Dependent Spine Dynamics in Autism

Shabani Chaudry et al.

Summary: Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction, as well as repetitive behaviors and restricted range of interests. This review explores the relevance of changes in dendritic spines in ASC using data gathered from rodent models. It identifies 20 genes linked to dendritic spine pruning or development in rodents that are also strongly implicated in ASC in humans, and proposes the mTOR pathway regulating spine dynamics as a potential mechanism underlying the ASC signaling pathway. Additionally, it suggests that aberrant spine dynamics resulting from mutations in these genes may contribute to the altered social behavior observed in rodent models of ASC.

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Signalling pathways in autism spectrum disorder: mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Chen-Chen Jiang et al.

Summary: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common and complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic basis. Despite the limited understanding of its etiology, risk factors, and disease progression, significant progress has been made in genetics, identifying hundreds of genes associated with a high risk for autism. The involvement of signal transduction molecular events in pathological processes has important implications for precise molecular targeting in autism. This review provides insights into the mechanisms and clinical implications of signal transduction in autism, as well as future challenges and perspectives.

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From the Cradle to the Web: The Growth of Sharenting-A Scientometric Perspective

Ilaria Cataldo et al.

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Transcriptome of iPSC-derived neuronal cells reveals a module of co-expressed genes consistently associated with autism spectrum disorder

K. Griesi-Oliveira et al.

Summary: Evaluation of expression profile in ASD patients using iPSC-derived neuronal models revealed dysregulated gene modules related to protein synthesis, synapse/neurotransmission, and translation. The comparison of findings showed that the synapse-related module is consistently upregulated in iPSC-derived neurons-more similar to fetal brain, while downregulated in postmortem brain tissue, indicating a reliable association to ASD and suggesting developmental dysregulation in ASD individuals. This network's expression pattern could potentially serve as a biomarker for ASD and a therapeutic target.

MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY (2021)

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Interpersonal Synchrony in the Context of Caregiver-Child Interactions: A Document Co-citation Analysis

Alessandro Carollo et al.

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Epilepsy and neurobehavioral abnormalities in mice with a dominant-negative KCNB1 pathogenic variant

Nicole A. Hawkins et al.

Summary: Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) are severe epilepsies with intractable seizures and developmental delay. Mutations in KCNB1 may disrupt the distribution of the K(V)2.1 channel at endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane junctions, leading to epilepsy and neurobehavioral abnormalities in a mouse model.

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Hayley A. Wilson et al.

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Zhiyu Yang et al.

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The Gut-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Focus on the Metalloproteases ADAM10 and ADAM17

Yuanpeng Zheng et al.

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Genome-wide landscape of RNA-binding protein target site dysregulation reveals a major impact on psychiatric disorder risk

Christopher Y. Park et al.

Summary: The research revealed the crucial role of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in psychiatric disorder risk, with the pathogenic contribution of noncoding variants impacting RBP target sites being a key factor. RBP dysregulation explains a significant amount of heritability not captured by large-scale studies and has a stronger impact.

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Neural Mechanisms Underlying Repetitive Behaviors in Rodent Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Tanya Gandhi et al.

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Gene variations in autism spectrum disorder are associated with alteration of gut microbiota, metabolites and cytokines

Zhi Liu et al.

Summary: The study systematically explored the interplay between host genetic variation and gut microbiota in ASD children, finding that ASD SNVs were significantly enriched in specific genes and correlated with microbial composition and metabolism. The abundance of metabolites involved in the metabolic network of neurotransmitters was inferred to be causally related to specific SNVs and microbes, suggesting a crucial role of host genetics and gut microbes in immune and metabolism homeostasis in ASD.

GUT MICROBES (2021)

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Autism Spectrum Disorder from the Womb to Adulthood: Suggestions for a Paradigm Shift

Cristina Panisi et al.

Summary: The passage discusses the challenges posed by the wide spectrum of unique needs and strengths of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) to the global healthcare system, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and control of the main effector molecular pathways for effective prevention of ASD.

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The neuropathology of autism: A systematic review of post-mortem studies of autism and related disorders

Rana Fetit et al.

Summary: Post-mortem studies of individuals with autism have revealed consistent abnormalities in brain tissue, such as reduced minicolumn numbers and aberrant myelination. Transcriptomics consistently implicate abnormalities in synaptic, metabolic, proliferation, apoptosis, and immune pathways in autism pathogenesis. Larger studies are needed to further investigate these findings and potential treatments.

NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS (2021)

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A white paper on a neurodevelopmental framework for drug discovery in autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders

C. M. Diaz-Caneja et al.

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Katherine Crawford et al.

Summary: Pathogenic variants in SCN2A lead to a range of neurodevelopmental phenotypes. By extracting and analyzing phenotypic data from literature using Human Phenotype Ontology terms, this study identified key associations between genetic variants, clinical features, and protein structure in SCN2A-related disorders. The findings highlight the importance of standardized language in enabling quantitative phenotype analysis and mapping the phenotypic landscape in detail to reveal genotype-phenotype correlations.

GENETICS IN MEDICINE (2021)

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Mengyu Lim et al.

Summary: Research in psychodrama has flourished in various sub-fields, with increasing adoption of technology and integration with other psychotherapies. To improve research quality, greater transparency in reporting materials and data is recommended. Future research trends may involve more use of new technological methods, such as neuroimaging.

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Niamh Mullins et al.

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NATURE GENETICS (2021)

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A Scientometric Approach to Review the Role of the Medial Preoptic Area (MPOA) in Parental Behavior

Alessandro Carollo et al.

Summary: Research on the neural substrates of parental behavior, particularly focusing on the hypothalamic medial preoptic area (MPOA), has gained momentum. A scientometric analysis of publications from 1972 to 2021 revealed a trend of initially studying MPOA's response to parental behavior and later exploring the brain network regulating such behavior, including reward circuits. The focus has expanded from maternal behavior to understanding paternal behaviors as well.

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Drug development for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Progress, challenges, and future directions

James T. McCracken et al.

Summary: The ASD Working Group was established to address the lack of progress in targeted drug development for ASD and related neurodevelopmental disorders, identifying barriers and recommending research strategies. Challenges include heterogeneity, lack of biomarkers, and the need for improved endpoints, with recommendations focusing on overcoming these obstacles to advance translational clinical ASD therapeutic research.

EUROPEAN NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Three decades of ASD genetics: building a foundation for neurobiological understanding and treatment

Katherine W. Eyring et al.

Summary: Recent methodological advances have significantly transformed our understanding of the genetic origins of neuropsychiatric disorders. Studies on autism spectrum disorders have identified over a hundred causal loci, highlighting a substantial role for polygenic inherited risk factors. Approaches rooted in systems biology and functional genomics have helped to place risk genes into biological context, particularly focusing on early stages of brain development.

HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS (2021)

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Cortical organoids model early brain development disrupted by 16p11.2 copy number variants in autism

Jorge Urresti et al.

Summary: Reciprocal deletion and duplication of the 16p11.2 region are associated with autism spectrum disorders and impact neurodevelopmental processes. CNV dosage affects neuronal maturation, proliferation, and the ratio of neurons to neural progenitors in organoids. Dysregulation of multiple pathways, including neuron migration and actin cytoskeleton, is observed in 16p11.2 CNV, with increased levels of active RhoA implicated in migration deficits.

MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY (2021)

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Genetic underpinnings of sociability in the general population

Janita Bralten et al.

Summary: Levels of sociability are continuously distributed in the general population, with decreased sociability possibly indicating early signs of various brain disorders. The sociability score was found to be heritable and negatively correlated with autism spectrum disorders, depression, and schizophrenia.

NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Cortical overgrowth in a preclinical forebrain organoid model of CNTNAP2-associated autism spectrum disorder

Job O. de Jong et al.

Summary: Mutations in CNTNAP2 have been linked to a specific form of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Using forebrain organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of patients with this mutation, the study found that the increased volume and cell number were driven by abnormal cellular proliferation and neurogenesis, offering insights into potential therapeutic strategies for ASD.

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Polygenic Heterogeneity Across Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Subgroups Defined by a Comorbid Diagnosis

Nora Strom et al.

Summary: The study found a high genetic correlation between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other psychiatric disorders, with comorbidities such as major depressive disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder showing significant genetic overlap. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) of various traits were associated with OCD across all subgroups, indicating both quantitative and qualitative polygenic heterogeneity among OCD comorbid subgroups.

FRONTIERS IN GENETICS (2021)

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Tahir Hakami

Summary: Drug-resistant epilepsy affects 25-30% of patients, with 30-40% of individuals failing treatment with first-generation antiseizure drugs due to intolerable adverse effects. In recent years, 20 newer-generation ASDs have been introduced, expanding treatment options for epilepsy. Research has focused on defining the optimal ASD for different seizure types.

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Neuropharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs

Tahir Hakami

Summary: The choice of antiseizure drugs depends on the type of seizures. Practical guidelines have been published for selecting ASDs in patients with new-onset and drug-resistant epilepsy. Newer-generation drugs are better tolerated but have similar efficacy compared with older drugs.

NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY REPORTS (2021)

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SCN8A Encephalopathy: Case Report and Literature Review

Hueng-Chuen Fan et al.

Summary: Epileptic encephalopathy is a disease caused by extreme forms of intractable childhood epilepsy, which can result in severe delays in cognitive, sensory, and motor function development and be life-threatening in some cases. Genetic sequencing should be considered to identify the underlying genetic causes of the disease.

NEUROLOGY INTERNATIONAL (2021)

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Nan Sun et al.

Summary: Brain organoids derived from human stem cells can mimic the structure and function of the human brain. They have the potential to model early brain development and various brain disorders. Combining immune-staining and single-cell sequencing technologies can enhance our understanding of brain organoids.

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Antiepileptogenesis and disease modification: Progress, challenges, and the path forward-Report of the Preclinical Working Group of the 2018 NINDS-sponsored antiepileptogenesis and disease modification workshop

Aristea S. Galanopoulou et al.

Summary: Epilepsy is a common chronic brain disease with the need for therapies to prevent, ameliorate, or cure the condition and its comorbidities being a priority. A workshop in 2018 discussed accelerating the development of new therapies for epilepsy, bringing together experts to propose a roadmap for antiepileptogenic and disease-modifying treatments. Discussions focused on preclinical research initiatives, infrastructure improvements, and challenges in epilepsy research to optimize translation to clinical trials.

EPILEPSIA OPEN (2021)

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Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies: recognition and approaches to care

Sharika Raga et al.

Summary: DEE encompasses cognitive functions affected by both seizures and interictal epileptiform activity, requiring precision therapies tailored to individual needs. DE and EE categorize different diseases with distinct cognitive states, with DE requiring attention to other treatment aspects and EE needing aggressive intervention to help patients revert to normal cognitive states.

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NEXMIF encephalopathy: an X-linked disorder with male and female phenotypic patterns

Hannah Stamberger et al.

Summary: NEXMIF encephalopathy is characterized by intellectual disability, epilepsy, with males having more severe developmental impairment and females being more prone to epilepsy. Pathogenic variants in NEXMIF result in loss-of-function, with most cases being de novo but some showing X-linked segregation.

GENETICS IN MEDICINE (2021)

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Sensory Processing in the Autism Spectrum: The Role of Attention to Detail and Somatic Trait Anxiety in the Olfactory Perception of the General Population

Filipa Barros et al.

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Exploring the frontiers of eye tracking research in language studies: a novel co-citation scientometric review

Vahid Aryadoust et al.

Summary: Eye tracking technology has become popular in language studies, as shown in a scientometric analysis of 341 research publications and 14,866 references from 1994 to 2018. Major research clusters, their key topics, connections, and citation surges were identified through document co-citation analysis, shedding light on the development of eye tracking research in language studies.

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