A longitudinal study of multiple water source use in Bekasi, Indonesia: implications for monitoring safely-managed services

Limited piped water services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are likely to increase the use of multiple water sources, impactingaccess to safely managed water. The aim of this study was to analyze monthly variations of households'water source preferences in threesubdistricts in Bekasi, adjacent to the capital city of Indonesia, through a monthly telephone survey of 87 households during 12 months.Households with 1, 2, and 3-4 drinking water sources formed 70, 27, and 3% of the 755 total responses, respectively. Of the 53 householdsthat completed at least 11 of the 12 monthly surveys, around 32% of households resorted to other water sources as an alternative for drink-ing water and other domestic purposes. Households switched from borehole water to bottled water for their primary drinking water in thewet season but still used borehole water as their complementary source. Unimproved source use as primary drinking water also increasedduring the wet season from 6 to 8%. Monitoring and risk assessment of water sources need to consider the use of multiple water sourceswhile balancing out the limited resources to protect the population, especially the vulnerable, from unacceptable health risks.

Automated summary

This study analyzed monthly variations of households' water source preferences in Bekasi, a district adjacent to the capital city of Indonesia, through a yearly telephone survey. The results showed that many households in the area use multiple water sources for drinking water and other domestic purposes. During the wet season, some households switched from borehole water to bottled water for their primary drinking water, while still using borehole water as a complementary source.