ZAR1: Guardian of plant kinases

A key facet of innate immunity in plants entails the recognition of pathogen effector virulence proteins by host Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptors (NLRs). Among characterized NLRs, the broadly conserved ZAR1 NLR is particularly remarkable due to its capacity to recognize at least six distinct families of effectors from at least two bacterial genera. This expanded recognition spectrum is conferred through interactions between ZAR1 and a dynamic network of two families of Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinases (RLCKs): ZED1-Related Kinases (ZRKs) and PBS1-Like Kinases (PBLs). In this review, we survey the history of functional studies on ZAR1, with an emphasis on how the ZAR1-RLCK network functions to trap diverse effectors. We discuss 1) the dynamics of the ZAR1-associated RLCK network; 2) the specificity between ZRKs and PBLs; and 3) the specificity between effectors and the RLCK network. We posit that the shared protein fold of kinases and the switch-like properties of their interactions make them ideal effector sensors, enabling ZAR1 to act as a broad spectrum guardian of host kinases.

Automated summary

A key aspect of innate immunity in plants involves the recognition of pathogen effector virulence proteins by host Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptors (NLRs). The ZAR1 NLR has the remarkable ability to recognize at least six different families of effectors from two bacterial genera. This broad recognition is achieved through interactions with two families of Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinases (RLCKs): ZED1-Related Kinases (ZRKs) and PBS1-Like Kinases (PBLs).