Diverse states and stimuli tune olfactory receptor expression levels to modulate food-seeking behavior

Animals must weigh competing needs and states to generate adaptive behavioral responses to the environment. Sensorimotor circuits are thus tasked with integrating diverse external and internal cues relevant to these needs to generate context-appropriate behaviors. However, the mechanisms that underlie this integration are largely unknown. Here, we show that a wide range of states and stimuli converge upon a single Caenorhabditis elegans olfactory neuron to modulate food-seeking behavior. Using an unbiased ribotagging approach, we find that the expression of olfactory receptor genes in the AWA olfactory neuron is influenced by a wide array of states and stimuli, including feeding state, physiological stress, and recent sensory cues. We identify odorants that activate these state-dependent olfactory receptors and show that altered expression of these receptors influences food-seeking and foraging. Further, we dissect the molecular and neural circuit pathways through which external sensory information and internal nutritional state are integrated by AWA. This reveals a modular organization in which sensory and state-related signals arising from different cell types in the body converge on AWA and independently control chemoreceptor expression. The synthesis of these signals by AWA allows animals to generate sensorimotor responses that reflect the animal's overall state. Our findings suggest a general model in which sensory-and state-dependent transcriptional changes at the sensory periphery modulate animals' sensorimotor responses to meet their ongoing needs and states.

Automated summary

Animals need to balance competing needs and states in order to generate adaptive behavioral responses to the environment. This study found that various states and stimuli converge on a single olfactory neuron in Caenorhabditis elegans to modulate food-seeking behavior. The expression of olfactory receptor genes in this neuron is influenced by feeding state, physiological stress, and recent sensory cues. The study also revealed the molecular and neural circuit pathways through which external sensory information and internal nutritional state are integrated. This provides a general model for how sensory and state-dependent changes in gene expression at the sensory periphery modulate animals' sensorimotor responses to meet their ongoing needs and states.