4.7 Review

Postbiotics and Kidney Disease

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Article Pediatrics

ePHex: a phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study to evaluate long-term efficacy and safety of Oxalobacter formigenes in patients with primary hyperoxaluria

Gema Ariceta et al.

Summary: This study investigated the effectiveness of orally administered Oxabact in reducing plasma oxalate levels in patients with primary hyperoxalurias. The results suggest that Oxabact treatment may stabilize/reduce plasma oxalate levels compared to placebo, but the difference over 12 months was not statistically significant.

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Probiotics and their Metabolites Reduce Oxidative Stress in Middle-Aged Mice

Wen-Yang Lin et al.

Summary: Probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and their fermented metabolites exhibit antioxidative activities, regulate oxidative stress, and protect cells. Experiments show that these strains and their metabolites can elevate antioxidative levels in aging mice and have positive effects on the gut microbiota.

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Protective Effect of Gamma Aminobutyric Acid against Aggravation of Renal Injury Caused by High Salt Intake in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity

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The OM-85 bacterial lysate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection of epithelial cells by downregulating SARS-CoV-2 receptor expression

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Summary: In this study, OM-85 treatment significantly downregulated ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in epithelial cells, inhibiting the entry of SARS-CoV-2 and potentially preventing and reducing the severity of COVID-19. Further research is needed to explore the potential of OM-85 as a therapeutic option for coronavirus disease 2019.

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Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Critical Review of Estimate-Based Predictions of Individual Outcomes in Kidney Disease

Lajos Zsom et al.

Summary: Estimated GFR (eGFR) is widely used to predict the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the need for dialysis, but it has several limitations, including only reflecting one physiological function of the kidney, depending on non-renal factors, being influenced by dietary intake and cardiovascular status, and not correlating with GFR in certain conditions. Many clinicians rely too heavily on eGFR as a valid reflection of renal function and a reliable diagnostic tool for CKD.

TOXINS (2022)

Article Urology & Nephrology

Oxalobacter formigenes treatment confers protective effects in a rat model of primary hyperoxaluria by preventing renal calcium oxalate deposition

A. Verhulst et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that oral administration of Oxalobacter formigenes can alleviate the symptoms of hyperoxalemia and nephrocalcinosis induced by ethylene glycol, suggesting a potential benefit of Oxalobacter formigenes in primary hyperoxaluria.

UROLITHIASIS (2022)

Review Urology & Nephrology

Pathophysiology and Management of Hyperoxaluria and Oxalate Nephropathy: A Review

Nathalie Demoulin et al.

Summary: Hyperoxaluria can result from metabolic disorders or abnormal intestinal absorption, leading to calcium oxalate supersaturation in urine and crystal formation, which causes urolithiasis and deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney. The understanding of this condition has improved, but delayed diagnosis and poor prognosis are still common. New targeted therapeutic approaches are being developed for primary hyperoxaluria, while management of secondary hyperoxaluria includes addressing underlying factors and calcium supplementation. Prompt recognition and management are crucial for improving outcomes.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES (2022)

Article Microbiology

Oxalobacter formigenes: A new hope as a live biotherapeutic agent in the management of calcium oxalate renal stones

Shridhar Hiremath et al.

Summary: Recent advances have shown the potential of gut microbiota in preventing and treating metabolic diseases. Oxalobacter formigenes, an anaerobic gut commensal, has promising therapeutic potential for calcium oxalate renal therapy. However, commercial production of this bacterium remains challenging.

ANAEROBE (2022)

Review Urology & Nephrology

New therapeutics for primary hyperoxaluria type 1

Pegah Dejban et al.

Summary: This review provides an update on emerging therapies for the treatment of Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1), a rare genetic disorder that causes hepatic overproduction of oxalate. The review highlights the use of RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics, alternative approaches, and genetic editing tools as potential treatments for PH1. These novel treatments have shown efficacy in reducing urinary oxalate excretion in PH1 patients, which may lessen the need for combined kidney and liver transplantation and decrease morbidity and mortality.

CURRENT OPINION IN NEPHROLOGY AND HYPERTENSION (2022)

Editorial Material Urology & Nephrology

RICORS2040: the need for collaborative research in chronic kidney disease

Alberto Ortiz

Summary: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a silent killer that is often underestimated by health authorities. It is not widely known that CKD is the most prevalent risk factor for lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is associated with accelerated aging and premature death.

CLINICAL KIDNEY JOURNAL (2022)

Review Urology & Nephrology

Treatment of primary hyperoxaluria type 1

Asheeta Gupta et al.

Summary: Supportive treatment for PH1 includes high fluid intake and crystallization inhibitors. Pyridoxine and RNA interference agents can reduce urinary oxalate. Kidney dysfunction often leads to end-stage kidney disease and systemic oxalate deposition. Hemodialysis and liver transplantation are important treatments.

CLINICAL KIDNEY JOURNAL (2022)

Editorial Material Urology & Nephrology

Primary hyperoxaluria type 1: time for prime time?

Justine Bacchetta et al.

Summary: This article reviews the significant progress in understanding and treating genetic primary hyperoxaluria, including the impact of gene mutations, medical therapy, and novel treatments. It also discusses the different perspectives of adult and pediatric nephrologists, as well as the challenges faced by physicians and patients in developing countries.

CLINICAL KIDNEY JOURNAL (2022)

Editorial Material Urology & Nephrology

Gut Microbiome and Kidney Disease Reconciling Optimism and Skepticism

Divya Shankaranarayanan et al.

CLINICAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY (2022)

Review Urology & Nephrology

Pathophysiology and Treatment of Enteric Hyperoxaluria

Celeste Witting et al.

Summary: Enteric hyperoxaluria, a unique condition caused by gastrointestinal disorders, can lead to kidney stones and even kidney failure. Current treatments involve correcting underlying gastrointestinal issues, modifying diet, and using calcium salts to bind oxalate, but there is still a lack of clinical evidence regarding their efficacy. Further research is necessary to understand the risk factors for adverse outcomes and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of existing treatments, as well as develop new therapeutic approaches.

CLINICAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY (2021)

Article Transplantation

Effects of Oxalobacter formigenes in subjects with primary hyperoxaluria Type 1 and end-stage renal disease: a Phase II study

Bernd Hoppe et al.

Summary: In PH1 ESRD patients, long-term administration of OC5 was found to significantly reduce Pox concentrations, improve or stabilize cardiac function and clinical status, without increasing dialysis frequency. OC5 was safe and well-tolerated, showing promising results for potential clinical impact.

NEPHROLOGY DIALYSIS TRANSPLANTATION (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Gamma-aminobutyric acid-salt attenuated high cholesterol/high salt diet induced hypertension in mice

Myeongjoo Son et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that GABA-salt reduced high salt, high cholesterol diet-induced hypertension by decreasing M1 polarization, EC dysfunction, and VSMC proliferation.

KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Lipolytic Postbiotic from Lactobacillus paracasei Manages Metabolic Syndrome in Albino Wistar Rats

Ali Osman et al.

Summary: The study investigates a lipolytic Lactobacillus paracasei postbiotic as a potential regulator for lipid metabolism against metabolic syndrome, showing higher antioxidant activity and lipolytic activity compared to atorvastatin, demonstrating a safer and more effective treatment option.

MOLECULES (2021)

Review Urology & Nephrology

Specific alterations in gut microbiota in patients with chronic kidney disease: an updated systematic review

Jin Zhao et al.

Summary: The dysbiosis of gut microbiota has been found to be associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), with specific alterations in microbial parameters identified in patients. However, differences in methodology and reporting among studies have prevented a complete understanding of the gut microbiota in CKD patients.

RENAL FAILURE (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Postbiotics, Metabolic Signaling, and Cancer

Nikola Vrzackova et al.

Summary: Postbiotics are health-promoting microbial metabolites that can influence health by directly or indirectly impacting signaling pathways in the body and the composition of intestinal microflora. This review focuses on the usefulness of natural and synthetic postbiotics in cancer prevention and therapy, highlighting their contradictory roles in healthy and tumor tissues. In conclusion, the application of postbiotics is an effective complementary strategy in combating cancer.

MOLECULES (2021)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics

Seppo Salminen et al.

Summary: In 2019, ISAPP convened a panel of experts to review the definition and scope of postbiotics. The panel defined postbiotics as a preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host. This definition aims to provide common ground for future activities in this area.

NATURE REVIEWS GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY (2021)

Review Nutrition & Dietetics

Phosphate, Microbiota and CKD

Chiara Favero et al.

Summary: Phosphate plays a crucial role in CKD-MBD and is treated through low phosphate diet and phosphate binders to manage hyperphosphatemia. Recent studies have identified a potential role of gut microbiota in mineral bone disorders, potentially influencing the effects of PTH on bone health.

NUTRIENTS (2021)

Article Biology

Microbial genetic and transcriptional contributions to oxalate degradation by the gut microbiota in health and disease

Menghan Liu et al.

Summary: The human microbiota primarily uses type II oxalate degradation pathways, with the oxalate autotroph Oxalobacter formigenes dominating this function. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease show elevated enteric oxalate levels and reduced microbiota ODP expression, potentially contributing to disrupted oxalate homeostasis. Colonization of mice with O. formigenes leads to significant reduction in host fecal and urine oxalate levels, supporting the importance of the microbiome in host oxalate homeostasis.
Review Immunology

The Immunomodulatory Effect of the Gut Microbiota in Kidney Disease

Mingxuan Chi et al.

Summary: The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the development and progression of various renal diseases, and dysbiosis can lead to damage to the kidney.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH (2021)

Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Effect of Postbiotic Based on Lactic Acid Bacteria on Semen Quality and Health of Male Rabbits

Jesus V. Diaz Cano et al.

Summary: The study suggests that supplementation of postbiotics derived from lactic acid bacteria can improve the quality of semen and liver profile in rabbits. Rabbits fed with postbiotic enriched diet showed better sperm characteristics and liver health compared to those on the control diet.

ANIMALS (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Extracellular Vesicle Analysis by Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Casey A. Chamberlain et al.

Summary: This study introduces a novel application of PSI-MS for the analysis of bacterial EVs for the first time. The isolation and purification of EVs from bacterial culture supernatant using EV-specific affinity chromatography, characterization through nanoparticle tracking analysis, and identification of EV-derived metabolites, lipids, and peptides through PSI-MS represent a pioneering approach in the field of MS-based EV analysis.

METABOLITES (2021)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Forty Years of Oxalobacter formigenes, a Gutsy Oxalate-Degrading Specialist

Steven L. Daniel et al.

Summary: Oxalobacter formigenes is a unique anaerobic bacterium crucial in degrading oxalate in the gut, potentially reducing the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stone disease. However, further research is needed to fully understand the role of this bacterium in human health.

APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Microbial Interventions to Control and Reduce Blood Pressure in Australia (MICRoBIA): rationale and design of a double-blinded randomised cross-over placebo controlled trial

Dakota Rhys-Jones et al.

Summary: This study aims to investigate whether acetylated and butyrylated modified resistant starch can lower blood pressure of hypertensive individuals by modulating the gut microbiota and releasing high levels of SCFAs. The study is a phase IIa double-blinded, randomised, cross-over, placebo controlled trial, with the primary endpoint being a reduction in ambulatory daytime systolic blood pressure and secondary endpoints including changes to circulating cytokines, immune markers, and modulation to the gut microbiome.

TRIALS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Effect of antibiotic treatment on Oxalobacter formigenes colonization of the gut microbiome and urinary oxalate excretion

Lama Nazzal et al.

Summary: This study found that eradication of Helicobacter pylori with antibiotics had significant effects on O. formigenes colonization and urinary electrolytes, and the overall microbiome structure of subjects differed based on the presence of O. formigenes. This suggests that a consortium of bacterial taxa associated with urinary oxalate levels may provide insights for primary prevention of kidney stones in healthy adults.

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Microbial Peer Pressure The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Hypertension and Its Complications

Rikeish R. Muralitharan et al.

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Precision Nutrition and the Microbiome, Part I: Current State of the Science

Susan Mills et al.

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Review Urology & Nephrology

The use of antibiotics and risk of kidney stones

Shivam Joshi et al.

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Role of Probiotics in Human Gut Microbiome-Associated Diseases

Seon-Kyun Kim et al.

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Lyso-Gb3 modulates the gut microbiota and decreases butyrate production

John-Jairo Aguilera-Correa et al.

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Extensive impact of non-antibiotic drugs on human gut bacteria

Lisa Maier et al.

NATURE (2018)

Article Urology & Nephrology

Oxalobacter formigenes-Derived Bioactive Factors Stimulate Oxalate Transport by Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Donna Arvans et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY (2017)

Review Urology & Nephrology

Gut microbiota in chronic kidney disease

Secundino Cigarran Guldris et al.

NEFROLOGIA (2017)

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Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health

Paulina Markowiak et al.

NUTRIENTS (2017)

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Dietary fiber and prebiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota

Hannah D. Holscher

GUT MICROBES (2017)

Review Pediatrics

Fermented infant formulas without live bacteria: a systematic review

Hania Szajewska et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS (2015)

Article Transplantation

p-Cresyl sulphate has pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic actions on human proximal tubular epithelial cells

Jonay Poveda et al.

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Modulation of gut barrier function in patients with obstructive jaundice using probiotic LP299v

Claire Jones et al.

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Reversal of autoimmune diabetes by restoration of antigen-specific tolerance using genetically modified Lactococcus lactis in mice

Tatiana Takiishi et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2012)

Article Nutrition & Dietetics

A non-hydrolyzed, fermented milk formula reduces digestive and respiratory events in infants at high risk of allergy

M. Morisset et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION (2011)

Review Urology & Nephrology

Hyperoxaluria: a gut-kidney axis?

Stef Robijn et al.

KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL (2011)

Article Transplantation

Efficacy and safety of Oxalobacter formigenes to reduce urinary oxalate in primary hyperoxaluria

Bernd Hoppe et al.

NEPHROLOGY DIALYSIS TRANSPLANTATION (2011)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Effectiveness and safety of lactobacillus LB in the treatment of mild acute diarrhea in children

Eduardo Salazar-Lindo et al.

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Oxalobacter sp reduces urinary oxalate excretion by promoting enteric oxalate secretion

M Hatch et al.

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Blood-pressure-lowering effect of a novel fermented milk containing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mild hypertensives

K Inoue et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION (2003)

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Probiotic bacteria in the management of atopic disease: Underscoring the importance of viability

PV Kirjavainen et al.

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