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Cholinergic regulation of object recognition memory

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FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.996089

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basal forebrain; cholinergic system; hippocampus; muscarinic receptor; nicotinic receptor; perirhinal cortex

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Object recognition memory is a fundamental memory mechanism that allows us to identify and recall various features of objects. It has been extensively studied in humans, primates, and rodents to understand the underlying neuropsychological processes involved in mammalian memory and to diagnose neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The central cholinergic system, which is associated with cholinergic cell loss and impairment in recognition memory in the early stages of Alzheimer's, has been investigated to uncover the neural mechanisms underlying recognition memory. Previous studies have suggested that different groups of cholinergic neurons play important roles in different types of object recognition memory, such as memory for object location and object identification. Furthermore, neurodegeneration within the central cholinergic system has been found to cause deficits in object recognition memory in rodent models of Alzheimer's. Understanding how distinct cholinergic cell groups regulate various types of object recognition memory is crucial for elucidating the neuronal mechanisms of recognition memory and developing therapeutic treatments for dementia.
Object recognition memory refers to a basic memory mechanism to identify and recall various features of objects. This memory has been investigated by numerous studies in human, primates and rodents to elucidate the neuropsychological underpinnings in mammalian memory, as well as provide the diagnosis of dementia in some neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Since Alzheimer's disease at the early stage is reported to be accompanied with cholinergic cell loss and impairment in recognition memory, the central cholinergic system has been studied to investigate the neural mechanism underlying recognition memory. Previous studies have suggested an important role of cholinergic neurons in the acquisition of some variants of object recognition memory in rodents. Cholinergic neurons in the medial septum and ventral diagonal band of Broca that project mainly to the hippocampus and parahippocampal area are related to recognition memory for object location. Cholinergic projections from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis innervating the entire cortex are associated with recognition memory for object identification. Especially, the brain regions that receive cholinergic projections, such as the perirhinal cortex and prefrontal cortex, are involved in recognition memory for object-in-place memory and object recency. In addition, experimental studies using rodent models for Alzheimer's disease have reported that neurodegeneration within the central cholinergic system causes a deficit in object recognition memory. Elucidating how various types of object recognition memory are regulated by distinct cholinergic cell groups is necessary to clarify the neuronal mechanism for recognition memory and the development of therapeutic treatments for dementia.

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