A Comparison of Mangrove Forest Structure and Ecosystem Services in Maputo Bay (Eastern Africa) and Principe Island (Western Africa)

Mangroves are critical to maintaining human well-being and global biodiversity. Eastern and western African shores present major environmental contrasts that reflect on mangrove forests' structure and the ecosystem services they provide to human communities. This study compares the mangrove forest structure and condition, ecosystem services, and uses of resources in Maputo Bay (Mozambique in eastern Africa) and Principe Island (Sao Tome and Principe in western Africa). Five mangrove species were identified in Maputo Bay, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora mucronata, and Xylocarpus granatum, and the importance value index was higher for A. marina. Mangroves in Principe were exclusively dominated by Rhizophora harrisonii. In Maputo Bay, a weak regeneration characterized by a low quantity of seedlings was observed, although in Principe the sites were characterized by a low regeneration rate but well-established forests. The comparison of the mangrove structure between Maputo Bay and Principe Island presented statistically significant differences for mean DBH and height, whereas the trees in Principe presented higher values for both parameters. Strong human disturbance (through cutting) was identified in almost all sites in Maputo Bay but was rarely observed on Principe Island. In Maputo Bay, more than 90% of the coastal human community is involved in activities related to the surrounding mangroves, with a diversified exploitation of forest resources. On Principe Island, the exploitation of mangroves targets only tannin from the mangrove bark to dye fishing nets and small boats. The economic value of mangroves in Maputo Bay has subsistence and commercial importance, in contrast to Principe, which revealed no major economic value to the community.

Automated summary

Mangroves are critical for human well-being and global biodiversity. There are significant differences in the structure and ecosystem services of mangroves between eastern and western African shores. Maputo Bay has a more diverse range of mangrove species with higher regeneration capacity, while Principe Island is dominated by a single species with lower regeneration capacity. Maputo Bay experiences stronger human disturbance compared to Principe Island. The mangroves in Maputo Bay have significant economic value for the community, while Principe Island has little economic value associated with its mangroves.