One-step preparation of graphene nanosheets via ball milling of graphite and the application in lithium-ion batteries

An improved method for mass production of good-quality graphene nanosheets (GNs) via ball milling pristine graphite with dry ice is presented. We also report the enhanced performance of these GNs as working electrode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this improved method, the decrease of necessary ball milling time from 48 to 24 h and the increase of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area from 389.4 to 490 m(2)/g might be resulted from the proper mixing of stainless steel balls with different diameters and the optimization of agitation speed. The as-prepared GNs are investigated in detail using a number of techniques, such as scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, X-ray diffractometer, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic. To demonstrate the potential applications of these GNs, the performances of the LIBs with pure Fe3O4 electrode and Fe3O4/graphene (Fe3O4/G) composite electrode were carefully evaluated. Compared to Fe3O4-LIBs, Fe3O4/G-LIBs exhibited prominently enhanced performance and a reversible specific capacity of 900 mAh g(-1) after 5 cycles at 100 and 490 mAh g(-1) after 5 cycles at 800 mA g(-1). The improved cyclic stability and enhanced rate capability were also obtained.