4.8 Review

The Emerging Development of Multicolor Carbon Dots

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Decagram-Scale Synthesis of Multicolor Carbon Nanodots: Self-Tracking Nanoheaters with Inherent and Selective Anticancer Properties

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Summary: Carbon nanodots (CDs) are a new class of carbon-based nanoparticles with potential applications in drug delivery and cancer theranostics. The synthesis of efficient N,S-doped CDs allows for targeted and multimodal cytotoxic effects on cancer cells.

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Summary: Carbon dots, as a rising star in carbon nanomaterials, have attracted enormous attention for their excellent optical properties, biocompatibility, catalytic performance, small size, low toxicity, and environmental friendliness. Researchers have extensively studied and summarized the synthetic strategies, photoluminescence mechanisms, and promising applications of carbon dots, as well as discussed the prospects and challenges for further research in this field.

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Metal ions-doped carbon dots: Synthesis, properties, and applications

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Summary: Doping with heteroatoms is an effective way to regulate the physicochemical properties of carbon dots. Metal ion doping can induce noticeable alterations in the optical, electronic, and magnetic properties of CDs, with challenges and promising applications in various fields.

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Study on construction of red carbon nanodots from O-phenylenediamine

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Summary: Red emission carbon nanodots (CNDs) have great potential in bioimaging due to their low-toxicity and good compatibility. However, preparing red photoluminescence CNDs is challenging. By introducing specific precursor structures, the red emission was successfully achieved.

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Ionic Liquid-Assisted Fast Synthesis of Carbon Dots with Strong Fluorescence and Their Tunable Multicolor Emission

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Summary: In this study, carbon dots (CDs) with an ultrahigh photoluminescent quantum yield were rapidly synthesized at low temperature and pressure with the assistance of an ionic liquid. The approach also allowed for the achievement of tunable multicolor emissive CDs and preparation of high-performance white light-emitting diodes. Theoretical computation revealed the enhancement of synthesis reaction activity by ionic liquids and the effect of CDs' size and graphite nitrogen ratios on bandgap reduction, leading to a redshift in emission wavelength.
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Harnessing versatile dynamic carbon precursors for multi-color emissive carbon dots

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Summary: Carbon dots (CDs) are a relatively new type of fluorescent nanomaterials with excellent biocompatibility, controllable photoluminescence, high quantum yield (QY), and unique electronic and physicochemical properties, making them superior to carbon allotropes in various fields.

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Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of N-Doped, Multicolor Carbon Dots toward Fluorescent Inks, Fluorescence Sensors, and Logic Gate Operations

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Solvent-controlled synthesis strategy of multicolor emission carbon dots and its applications in sensing and light-emitting devices

Zhonghui Sun et al.

Summary: Carbon dots (CDs) as a new type of carbon-based luminescent nanomaterials have been successfully synthesized with bright blue, yellow, and red fluorescence emission by simply changing the reaction solvent. The precursors and solvents used play a key role in the formation of the three emission CDs. The multicolor CDs exhibit high selectivity and sensitivity as fluorescent probes in detection applications.

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Visible-Light-Promoted Photocatalytic Applications of Carbon Dots: A Review

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Multicolor biomass based carbon nanodots for bacterial imaging

Wenbo Zhao et al.

Summary: Biomass-based carbon nanodots (CNDs) have been prepared using natural biomass as precursors through an ultrasonic-assisted method at room temperature. The multicolor CNDs can be prepared within a short time and ultrasound contributes to the polymerization of biomolecules into nanodots. The CNDs show emission in the blue to red region and have demonstrated applications in bacterial imaging.

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Junli Wang et al.

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A pH-controlled synthetic route to violet, green, and orange fluorescent carbon dots for multicolor light-emitting diodes

Ruoyu Dai et al.

Summary: This study synthesized carbon dots with different pH conditions that emit violet, green, and orange fluorescence. By incorporating these carbon dots with starch, the photoluminescence efficiency was enhanced and applied to fabricate multicolor light-emitting diodes for indoor illumination.

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Sulfuric-acid-mediated synthesis strategy for multi-colour aggregation-induced emission fluorescent carbon dots: Application in anti-counterfeiting, information encryption, and rapid cytoplasmic imaging

Lijuan Yang et al.

Summary: This study successfully fabricated AIE-CDs with different fluorescence colors and investigated their structural properties and fluorescence behavior. The results showed that the sulfuric acid concentration, reaction temperature, and time significantly affected the properties of AIE-CDs. In addition, preliminary methods for anti-counterfeiting and information encryption using AIE-CDs were developed.

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Ethanol-derived white emissive carbon dots: the formation process investigation and multi-color/white LEDs preparation

Boyang Wang et al.

Summary: Carbon dots (CDs) have been synthesized using ethanol as a carbon source, composed of blue-, cyan-, and yellow-emitting CDs which fluoresce at corresponding wavelengths. The red-shift in emission peaks is attributed to increased carbonization in polymer structure, leading to different surface states. Theoretically verified results have successfully been used in developing multi-color and white light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

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Chitosan-Derived Carbon Dots with Room-Temperature Phosphorescence and Energy Storage Enhancement Properties

Qiong Wu et al.

Summary: Fluorescent carbon dots ranging from blue to green were prepared through a microwave-assisted hydrothermal reaction. The carbon dots exhibited developed surface groups and high percentages of C=O, CN=C, and C=C groups. The addition of sodium hydroxide and boric acid enhanced the emission properties of carbon dots, allowing them to exhibit room-temperature property phenomena that were visible to the naked eye. The carbon dots also showed potential applications in enhancing the capacitance of graphene oxide and in the fields of security, sensing, and energy storage.

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Summary: This review discusses the preparation and optical properties of carbon dots (CDs), which are an important type of nanomaterial with wide applications in optoelectronic devices and biomedicine. The review explores the fluorescence mechanism and preparation methods of CDs, and highlights the adjustment of CD afterglow emission. Additionally, the review discusses the important optical applications of CDs and presents future research directions and potential challenges.

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The Rapid and Large-Scale Production of Carbon Quantum Dots and their Integration with Polymers

Xiang-Yun Du et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the emerging methods for large-scale production of CDs and their applications in optoelectronic, biomedical, and sensing fields. It emphasizes the multiple roles of CDs in composite materials and outlines their typical applications in various fields.

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Recent advances and prospects of carbon dots in phototherapy

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Solvatochromic Surface-Passivated Carbon Dots for Fluorometric Moisture Sensing in Organic Solvents

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Logic Gate Design Using Multicolor Fluorescent Carbon Nanodots for Smartphone-Based Information Extraction

Meng Xiao et al.

Summary: Carbon nanodot-based logic gates have gained research attention for their response to various chemicals and biological inputs. This study successfully synthesized and adjusted three emissive CDs for logic operations, and encoded the information into QR codes for easy decoding. It demonstrates a pathway in molecular computing for multilevel logic operations and a convenient readout system for practical applications.

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Multicolor Phenylenediamine Carbon Dots for Metal-Ion Detection with Picomolar Sensitivity

Hani Barhum et al.

Summary: Studies have shown that phenylenediamine carbon dots prepared in an ethylene glycol environment exhibit multicolor high quantum yield, with solvothermal synthesis in acidic conditions leading to higher carbonization reaction yields, reaching up to 90% after product purification. The proximity of metal ions affects emission, with optical monitoring enabling accurate detection of ions at low concentrations.

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Rational Design of Surface-State Controlled Multicolor Cross-Linked Carbon Dots with Distinct Photoluminescence and Cellular Uptake Properties

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Summary: This study presents a facile synthetic methodology for preparing multicolor carbon dots by controlling their optical properties through surface-state cross-linking of carboxylic acid groups. The changes in cellular internalization of these cross-linked CDs were demonstrated and validated using various characterization tools. Additionally, a triple-channel sensor array was fabricated to confirm the surface-state controlled PL mechanisms of these CDs for the identification of different analytes.

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Construction of Carbon Dots with Color-Tunable Aggregation-Induced Emission by Nitrogen-Induced Intramolecular Charge Transfer

Xiaokai Xu et al.

Summary: This study reports the synthesis of carbon dots (CDs) with multicolor aggregation-induced emission, achieving a shift in fluorescence from green to red by increasing the C(sic)N content. The enhancement of ICT efficiency and fluorescence quantum yield by adjusting the C(sic)N content has led to applications in pattern encryption, white-LED devices, fingerprint detection, and protection against UV hazards for plants.

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Carbon Dots-Decorated Carbon-Based Metal-Free Catalysts for Electrochemical Energy Storage

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Summary: Carbon dots-decorated, carbon-based, metal-free catalysts have become a rapidly growing branch in the field of energy storage, requiring clarification of the electronic transmission mechanism and understanding the structure-performance relationship. The unique properties of CDs, such as quantum confinement effects and abundant defects, play a crucial role in facilitating electron transfer in CDs-C-MFCs.
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Rational Design of Multi-Color-Emissive Carbon Dots in a Single Reaction System by Hydrothermal

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Color Emission Carbon Dots with Quench-ResixAstant Solid-State Fluorescence for Light-Emitting Diodes

Fanyong Yan et al.

Summary: Carbon dots with multicolor solid emission were prepared via a one-step solvothermal method, achieving solid-state emitting CDs with green, yellow, and orange colors and fluorescence spectrum ranging from 490-625 nm. The Si-O, Si-C, and Si-N bonds generated during the formation process prevented the pi-pi interaction, leading to the solid-state emission.

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Kilogram-Scale Synthesis and Functionalization of Carbon Dots for Superior Electrochemical Potassium Storage

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Phosphorescence Tuning of Fluorine, Oxygen-Codoped Carbon Dots by Substrate Engineering

Liang Zhang et al.

Summary: The precise and reproducible phosphorescence tuning of F, O-codoped CDs is crucial for gradient anticounterfeiting applications. By utilizing substrate engineering techniques, the phosphorescence of CDs can be effectively controlled to emit bright yellow room-temperature phosphorescence, showing potential for a wide range of applications in the field of anti-counterfeiting.

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Solvent Effects on Fluorescence Properties of Carbon Dots: Implications for Multicolor Imaging

Xiaomin Huo et al.

Summary: Carbon dots were synthesized using four different solvents, with DMF identified as the key solvent affecting the fluorescence emission of the CDs, which could be enhanced by adding AA solvent. The different solvents had an impact on the functional group structures of the CDs, which in turn affected their optical properties.

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Carbon dot with aggregation induced emission and pH triggered disintegration

Suman Nayak et al.

Summary: Aggregation Induced Emission (AIE) from Carbon Dots (CDs) is typically induced by hydrophobic interactions, but this study revealed AIE in predominantly hydrophilic pristine CDs. The emission from CDs shifted from yellow to blue in acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively, with irreversible changes observed in the latter. pH-triggered disintegration of CD aggregates in alkaline medium was observed through microscopic and Light Scattering studies.

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Dual emissive carbon dots with one-pot synthesized and their tunable luminescence

Yaoyao Yang et al.

Summary: In this study, dual photoluminescence carbon quantum dots were obtained using phenylenediamines and phosphorus acid with a one-step hydrothermal method. Tunable optical properties of CQDs can be achieved by changing the reaction temperature, carbon sources, and the surrounding pH value.
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Multicolor Graphene Quantum Dots via Solvatochromic Tuning and Sulfur Doping for Light-Emitting Diodes

Yongsheng Yang et al.

Summary: This study reports a facile and green approach for rapid preparation of multicolor emission graphene quantum dots (GQDs), which were further used to develop a trace water-detecting platform and fabricate multicolor LED devices. The results demonstrate the potential of GQDs with solvatochromic tuning and sulfur doping for multicolor emission and various applications.

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Red, green, and blue light-emitting carbon dots prepared from gallic acid for white light-emitting diode applications

Menglin Chen et al.

Summary: Red, green, and blue CDs were successfully prepared using gallic acid as the raw material through a solvothermal method. The distinct optical features of these CDs are determined by the differences in the size of their sp(2)-domains, which can be controlled by reaction solvents.

NANOSCALE ADVANCES (2021)

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Thermally Driven Amorphous-Crystalline Phase Transition of Carbonized Polymer Dots for Multicolor Room-Temperature Phosphorescence

Zifei Wang et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the first multicolor room-temperature phosphorescence emission from carbon dots by utilizing a thermally driven amorphous-crystalline phase transition to achieve tunable emission colors. The development of carbonized polymer dots with potential applications as printable and writable security inks paves the way for the advancement of multicolor room-temperature phosphorescence materials.

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Strategy to Synthesize Tunable Multiemission Carbon Dots and Their Multicolor Visualization Application

Panpan Zhu et al.

Summary: Research on multiemission fluorescent carbon dots excited at one wavelength has shown great promise due to their label-free property, easy synthesis, multicolor visualization, and ability to prevent background interference. A new template strategy using fluorescent precursors has been developed for the synthesis of multiemission carbon dots (M-CDs), which show three different emissions attributed to solvent, surface defect, and precursor luminophores. The M-CDs can meet optical requirements by adjusting the amount of NaOH or solvothermal synthesis time, demonstrating better capabilities than previously reported M-CDs. Additionally, a multicolor sensor using M-CDs and rhodamine B has been successfully utilized for cell imaging, showing a color evolution from dark blue to orange based on the pH value of the medium.

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Facile Synthesis of Water-Stable Multicolor Carbonized Polymer Dots from a Single Unconjugated Glucose for Engineering White Light-Emitting Diodes with a High Color Rendering Index

Yingnan Zhao et al.

Summary: This study successfully synthesizes multicolor fluorescent CPDs from a single unconjugated precursor, glucose, through a hydrothermal reaction, allowing for tunable emission wavelength and construction of LEDs in different colors, including white light-emitting diodes.

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Red, green and blue aggregation-induced emissive carbon dots

Xiaokai Xu et al.

Summary: In this study, multicolor solid-state fluorescence carbon dots were successfully synthesized through a solvothermal reaction in acetic acid, enabling applications in white light LED devices and fingerprint detection.

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Boyang Wang et al.

Summary: Precise nanomedicine has been extensively explored for effective cancer imaging and treatment, with carbon dots being a new and highly interesting member of carbon-based nanomaterials in the field of nanomedicine. This review provides concise insights into the recent development of CDs in nanomedicine research, covering preparation, functionalization processes, and key applications.

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Full color fluorescent carbon quantum dots synthesized from triammonium citrate for cell imaging and white LEDs

Qianyang Chang et al.

Summary: In this study, multicolor fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CDs) were synthesized through a solvothermal treatment using triammonium citrate as the carbon source. The emission mechanism was proposed to be surfacestate-controlled, with the CDs showing potential applications in biological imaging and LED technologies.

DYES AND PIGMENTS (2021)

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Study on the Origin of Fluorescence by Using Dual-Emission Carbon Dots

Jianliang Bai et al.

Summary: Dual-emission N-doped carbon dots were synthesized through a solvothermal reaction and the second emission band of N-CDs can be tuned by changing the polarity of the solvent, showing obvious solvent dependence. The findings greatly improve our understanding of the fluorescence origin of CDs and help guide future preparations of novel nanomaterials.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C (2021)

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The development of carbon dots: From the perspective of materials chemistry

Shuo Li et al.

Summary: The advancement in materials chemistry has significantly changed human lifestyle. Carbon dots, with their fascinating physicochemical properties, have been regarded as a groundbreaking carbon-based nanomaterial. However, the field of carbon dot-based materials chemistry remains incomplete due to their wide structural diversity, requiring further exploration. The review proposes novel viewpoints in this field and offers promising prospects for future developments.

MATERIALS TODAY (2021)

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One-step synthesis of nitrogen-doped multi-emission carbon dots and their fluorescent sensing in HClO and cellular imaging

Chunxia Wang et al.

Summary: Tunable multicolor carbon dots with high quantum yield synthesized through a one-step hydrothermal approach exhibit bright blue, green, and yellow emissions. The optical properties of these CDs can be modulated by adjusting the nitrogen content on their surface structures, showing potential applications in HClO sensing and multicolor cellular imaging.

MICROCHIMICA ACTA (2021)

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Multicolor Carbon Dots Prepared by Single-Factor Control of Graphitization and Surface Oxidation for High-Quality White Light-Emitting Diodes

Yuxin Zheng et al.

Summary: Preparing multicolor CDs with high fluorescence quantum yields through single-factor control is of great significance, and using multicolor CDs to fabricate standard white LEDs close to sunlight will significantly increase the practical application value of CDs.

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Jaehyun Kim et al.

Summary: Photonic technologies have seen increased interest in high-performance sensor devices, particularly in the use of multifunctional photodetectors based on low-dimensional nanomaterials. Semiconducting quantum dots show promise for these applications due to their optical absorption coefficient, bandgap tunability, and compatibility with large-scale production processes. The research delves into materials, devices, applications, and hybrid device architectures to advance wearable photodetectors and neuromorphic applications. Challenges and opportunities for QD-based photonic devices are also discussed with a forward-looking perspective.

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Regulating the photoluminescence of carbon dots via a green fluorine-doping-derived surface-state-controlling strategy

Tianze Li et al.

Summary: In this study, a green surface-state-controlling strategy was used to regulate the photoluminescence properties of carbon dots through fluorine (F)-doping techniques. Two types of F-doped carbon dots with different F contents were prepared, resulting in a red-shift of photoluminescence due to the narrower band gap induced by F-doping. FCDs1 showed favorable solid-state PL behaviors and was used for latent fingerprint identification, while FCDs2 with high F content was used as a powerful probe for the quantitative detection of cobalamin.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C (2021)

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Synthesis of color-tunable tannic acid-based carbon dots for multicolor/white light-emitting diodes

Yan Li et al.

Summary: Multicolor luminescent carbon dots were prepared by a solvothermal method using tannic acid and phthalaldehyde as carbon sources. The distinct optical features of these carbon dots are based on differences in the sizes of sp(2) domains, which can be governed by the structure of phthalaldehyde.

NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Red, green, and blue light-emitting carbon dots prepared from o-phenylenediamine

Yulong An et al.

Summary: Red, green, and blue carbon dots (RGB CDs) were successfully synthesized with stable optical properties and significant photoluminescence characteristics. A white fluorescent CD solution was prepared by mixing these multicolor fluorescent CDs in appropriate proportions.

RSC ADVANCES (2021)

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Red and green-emitting biocompatible carbon quantum dots for efficient tandem luminescent solar concentrators

Yi Han et al.

Summary: Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) are large-scale sunlight collectors with low-cost and semi-transparency, showing great potential for building integrated photovoltaics. Red-emitting C-dots produced by low-cost and environmentally-friendly precursors have high quantum yield and are promising for environmentally compatible LSCs.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Well-separated water-soluble carbon dots via gradient chromatography

Vanessa Michaud et al.

Summary: Carbon dots (CDs) are highly fluorescent materials used in bioimaging, sensors, and luminescent displays. This study successfully separated all components of CDs by two-step gradient chromatography, showing that amorphous and crystalline CDs coexist in the same suspension. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to further improve purification efficiency and automate the process, achieving separation of up to six components.

NANOSCALE (2021)

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Silica-coupled carbon nanodots: multicolor fluorescence governed by the surface structure for fingerprint recognition and WLED devices

Zhenxing Qin et al.

Summary: A one-pot solvothermal method is reported for synthesizing S,N-codoped and Si-coupled solid-state carbon nanodot composites, which can adjust the surface structure of the composites, resulting in PL emission colors shifting from blue to green to olivine, with the green-emitting composite having the highest fluorescence quantum yield and can be used for fingerprint detection and LED device fabrication, achieving a very high color rendering index.

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Red and yellow emissive carbon dots integrated tandem luminescent solar concentrators with significantly improved efficiency

Jiurong Li et al.

Summary: This study achieved efficient solar-to-electricity conversion by preparing luminescent carbon dots with high quantum yield, combining different colored dots to fabricate a large-area tandem LSC. The novel tandem structure design, suitable for real structural applications like keeping windows warm, demonstrates high conversion efficiency while utilizing eco-friendly carbon dots as fluorophores.

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Red, orange, yellow and green luminescence by carbon dots: hydrogen-bond-induced solvation effects†

Xiaokai Xu et al.

Summary: This article reports a solvated chromogenic carbon dots with luminescence exhibiting a regular redshift in various solvents, which is attributed to the linking of CD surfaces to solvents through hydrogen bonds, leading to different surface level states and energy resonance transfer efficiencies. CDs/B2O3 composite shows excellent fluorescence thermal stability and has the potential for manufacturing white-light-emitting devices with a high color rendering index, while the solvation effects of CDs have prospects in detecting water content in organic solvents. Additionally, CDs are applied in cell imaging and positioning, showing significant prospects in biological fields.

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Multicolor polymeric carbon dots: synthesis, separation and polyamide-supported molecular fluorescence

Bo Zhi et al.

Summary: The study synthesized multicolor polymeric CDs through solvothermal treatment and separated them using an automated reversed-phase column method. The detailed investigation on the physicochemical properties and fluorescence origins of different color fractions was conducted through experimental and computational methods. The results provide insights into the photoluminescence mechanism of multicolor CDs for future design and applications.

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Multicolor emissive sulfur, nitrogen co-doped carbon dots and their application in ion detection and solid lighting

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