Evaluating the BFAST method to detect and characterise changing trends in water time series: A case study on the impact of droughts on the Mediterranean climate

Mediterranean climate regions are facing increased aridity conditions and water scarcity, thus needing integrated management of water resources. Detecting and characterising changes in water resources over time is the natural first step towards identifying the drivers of these changes and understanding the mechanism of change. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of Breaks For Additive Seasonal and Trend (BFAST) method to identify gradual (trend) and abrupt (step- change) changes in the freshwater resources time series over a long-term period. This research shows an alternative to the Pettitt's test, LOESS (locally estimated scatterplot smoothing) filter, Mann-Kendall trend test among other common methods for change detection in hydrological data, and paves the way for further scientific investigation related to climate variability and its influence on water resources. We used the monthly accumulated stored water in three reservoirs, the monthly groundwater levels of three hydrological settings and a standardized precipitation index to show BFAST performance. BFAST was successfully applied, enabling: (1) assessment of the suitability of past management decisions when tackling drought events; (2) detection of recovery and drawdown periods (duration and magnitude values) of accumulated stored water in reservoirs and groundwater bodies after wet and dry periods; 3) measurement of resilience to drought conditions; (4) establishment of similarities/ differences in trends between different reservoirs and groundwater bodies with regard to drought events.

Automated summary

This study evaluates the potential of the BFAST method in identifying gradual and abrupt changes in freshwater resources in Mediterranean climate regions. It provides an alternative method for change detection in hydrological data and paves the way for further investigation on climate variability and its impact on water resources. The BFAST method has been successfully applied in assessing past management decisions, monitoring changes in reservoirs and groundwater, and measuring resilience to drought conditions.