4.7 Review

Current progress of biopolymer-based flame retardant

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Article Environmental Sciences

Effects of novel functionalized magnesium phosphate monomers on the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polyethylene terephthalate copolymers

Hongtao Li et al.

Summary: In this study, inorganic magnesium hydroxide was modified by three phosphoric acids to obtain novel functionalized monomers which were introduced into the PET main chain to prepare high-performance co-polyesters. The thermal stability and flame retardant properties of the resulting P-n-MH-PETs were greatly improved, with 5%P-1-MH-PET showing the best performance. Interestingly, mechanical properties of 5%P-3-MH-PET were also enhanced.

CHEMOSPHERE (2022)

Article Engineering, Manufacturing

Hybrid approach to improve the flame-retardant and thermal properties of sustainable biocomposites used in outdoor engineering applications

M. N. Prabhakar et al.

Summary: A high-performance flame-retardant vinyl ester/flax fabric biocomposite was developed using vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, with modified flax fabric exhibiting enhanced thermal stability and achieving a V0 ranking in fire resistance tests. The inclusion of flame retardants further improved the properties of the composite, providing high thermal resistance, fire resistance, and self-extinguishing characteristics.

COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING (2022)

Article Polymer Science

Flame retardant treatment of jute fabric with chitosan and sodium alginate

Shi-Qiong Li et al.

Summary: Jute fabric was treated with chitosan and sodium alginate to enhance its flame retardancy. The treated fabric exhibited a higher limiting oxygen index and reduced heat release capability.

POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY (2022)

Article Polymer Science

Flame retardant and mechanical properties of core-shell-like polybutylene terephthalate/intumescent flame retardant through controlling injection time

Zhengqiu Li et al.

Summary: Layered intumescent flame retardant (IFR)-graphene oxide (GO) was prepared via esterification, and its distribution in PBT was regulated by injection molding process. Shorter injection time led to a concentration gradient core-shell-like structure, significantly increasing flame-resistant efficiency while retaining mechanical properties.

POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES (2022)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Synergistic Effect of APP and TBC Fire-Retardants on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Strandboard

Feiyu Tian et al.

Summary: This study explored the feasibility of fabricating fire-retardant strandboard with low mechanical properties deterioration, and investigated a hybrid fire-retardant system. The results showed that the hybrid fire-retardant system enhanced the fire retardancy of strandboard, but had differential influences on other physico-mechanical properties.

MATERIALS (2022)

Article Polymer Science

Recent Advances in the Development of Fire-Resistant Biocomposites-A Review

Elvara Windra Madyaratri et al.

Summary: Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers are an eco-friendly and inexpensive alternative to petroleum-based materials. However, their high flammability limits their applications. The use of flame-retardant additives can improve their fire resistance. This study discusses the flammability of wood and natural fibers as material resources and the use of lignin as a flame-retardant additive to produce high-performance biocomposites.

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Article Polymer Science

Physical and Chemical Properties of Acacia mangium Lignin Isolated from Pulp Mill Byproduct for Potential Application in Wood Composites

Nissa Nurfajrin Solihat et al.

Summary: Efficient isolation and understanding of lignin properties are crucial for the effective valorization of lignin as a renewable feedstock for producing bio-based chemicals. This study successfully isolated lignin from black liquor using dilute acid precipitation and fractionation methods. The physical and chemical characteristics of the lignin were analyzed, revealing the effects of fractionation on lignin morphology. These findings have important implications for the industrial application of lignin in manufacturing improved wood-based composites.

POLYMERS (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

A Novel Method for Calcium Carbonate Deposition in Wood That Increases Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Fire Resistance

Vicente Hernandez et al.

Summary: This study proposes a novel method for increasing carbon dioxide concentration and fire resistance in wood through the deposition of calcium carbonate. The method involves vacuum impregnation of wood with calcium chloride solution, followed by diffusion of ammonium and carbon dioxide. The results show significant weight gain and fire resistance improvement, making this method a potential alternative for developing environmentally-friendly wood products.

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Governing effects of melt viscosity on fire performances of polylactide and its fire-retardant systems

Yueming Yu et al.

Summary: The extreme flammability of polylactide (PLA) hampers its practical applications. This study investigates how the melt viscosity affects the fire performance of PLA. The results show that the melt flow index (MFI) has a significant impact on the fire performances of pure PLA and its fire-retardant systems.

ISCIENCE (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

Simultaneous improvements in antibacterial and flame retardant properties of PET by use of bio-nanotechnology for fabrication of high performance PET bionanocomposites

Mehdi Hatami et al.

Summary: This study focuses on the preparation of PET-based ternary bionanocomposites containing modified chitosan and nanosilver particles, showing significantly improved antibacterial properties and flame retardant properties compared to conventional PET materials. The use of phosphorylated chitosan as a biopolymer and the in-situ fabrication of silver nanoparticles onto phosphorylated chitosan in PET matrix demonstrate a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for enhancing the properties of PET nanocomposites.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2022)

Article Polymer Science

Recent progress in cellulose-based composites towards flame retardancy applications

Mohamad Nurul Azman Mohammad Taib et al.

Summary: Cellulose is a biomaterial that has excellent properties and has the potential to be widely used. Its different forms have different morphological and physical properties. Modification can improve the cellulose properties for better compatibility with polymeric matrices.

POLYMER (2022)

Review Materials Science, Characterization & Testing

A review of sustainable and environment-friendly flame retardants used in plastics

Rhoda Afriyie Mensah et al.

Summary: The increase in the use of plastics in buildings has led to the need for flame retardants (FRs) to improve their fire performance. However, not all FRs are safe for the environment. This article reviews the most extensively used biobased FRs in plastics, their synthesis, mode of application, performance evaluation, leaching, and environmental fate, and highlights the importance of developing sustainable FRs.

POLYMER TESTING (2022)

Article Forestry

Chemical Characteristics of Wood Cell Wall with an Emphasis on Ultrastructure: A Mini-Review

Xun Zhang et al.

Summary: This article describes the chemical characteristics of wood cell walls, including the distribution of main components, the orientation of cellulose microfibrils, and the interactions between main components. Using advanced techniques, we can gain a better understanding of wood chemistry and provide new insights into cell wall recalcitrance.

FORESTS (2022)

Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Lignin as Green Filler in Polymer Composites: Development Methods, Characteristics, and Potential Applications

Muhammad Rasyidur Ridho et al.

Summary: Lignin, the second most commonly used natural polymer in green biomaterials after cellulose, has great potential in replacing petroleum-based composites. However, only a small percentage of lignin has been converted into biomaterials. This review provides an overview of lignin extraction, properties, and its potential utilization, as well as the preparation and characteristics of lignin-based composites. The technology is still being refined to improve the performance of lignin-based biocomposites in various applications.

ADVANCES IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (2022)

Article Polymer Science

Preparation of Ni-Fe layered double hydroxides and its application in thermoplastic polyurethane with flame retardancy and smoke suppression

Shurong Xu et al.

Summary: This study introduces a new flame retardant filler, Ni-Fe layered double hydroxides, in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) to improve its flame retardant properties and smoke suppression. The addition of Ni-Fe layered double hydroxides significantly reduced the peak heat release rate and total heat release of TPU, as well as decreased smoke production. The mechanical properties of TPU were minimally affected by the addition of Ni-Fe layered double hydroxides.

POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY (2022)

Article Polymer Science

Design, synthesis and application of a highly efficient mono-component intumescent flame retardant for non-charring polyethylene composites

Jiali Yan et al.

Summary: The novel hyperbranched mono-component intumescent flame retardant PPMPPE significantly enhanced the fire resistance and thermal stability of PE composites, reducing heat release rate and total heat release. The addition of PPMPPE exhibited superior flame retardant properties by shielding effect in condensed phase and quenching active free radicals in the gas phase, ultimately constraining and extinguishing the flame.

POLYMER BULLETIN (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Emerging Nanocellulose Technologies: Recent Developments

Akira Isogai

Summary: Nanocelluloses have unique morphologies, characteristics, and surface nanostructures, and can be prepared from abundant and renewable plant biomass resources. They have the potential to contribute to the establishment of a sustainable society and help overcome global environmental issues. However, overcoming fundamental and application-related issues is necessary for the further expansion of nanocelluloses.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2021)

Review Environmental Sciences

Chemistry and Specialty Industrial Applications of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Jude A. Okolie et al.

Summary: Lignocellulosic feedstocks are becoming increasingly popular for industrial applications due to their availability and renewable nature. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the chemistry of different components of lignocellulosic biomass and explores various novel industrial applications, such as biofuel production, biomedical materials, and environmentally friendly products. Additionally, the potential industrial utility of lignocellulose-derived carbon materials and specialty materials like cellulose fiber and bioplastics is discussed.

WASTE AND BIOMASS VALORIZATION (2021)

Article Materials Science, Paper & Wood

Effect of boric acid on the stabilisation of cellulose-lignin filaments as precursors for carbon fibres

Nguyen-Duc Le et al.

Summary: Treating composite fibers with boric acid can reduce stabilization time, decrease fiber fusion, and significantly increase carbon yield.

CELLULOSE (2021)

Article Chemistry, Applied

Cellulose-based composite thermal-insulating foams toward eco-friendly, flexible and flame-retardant

Shuai Jiang et al.

Summary: By using biopolymer sodium alginate and borate as flame retardants, the flammability of cellulose nanofibril foams was successfully reduced, resulting in higher limited oxygen index and improved mechanical performance.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2021)

Article Materials Science, Paper & Wood

Effect of a synthesized chitosan flame retardant on the flammability, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of vinyl ester/bamboo nonwoven fiber composites

M. N. Prabhakar et al.

Summary: A chitosan-based bioflame retardant additive (NCS) was prepared by chemically altering CS with SiO2, significantly improving the thermal stability and flame retardant properties of VE/BF composites. The addition of NCS led to a decrease in heat release rate and an increase in residual char content, as well as enhancements in flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the composites.

CELLULOSE (2021)

Article Polymer Science

Blending alginate fibers with polyester fibers for flame-retardant filling materials: Thermal decomposition behaviors and fire performance

Ping Li et al.

Summary: In this study, highly flame-retardant fibers were prepared by blending inherently flame-retardant alginate fibers with polyester fibers. The blended fibers showed excellent flame-retardant properties and reduced heat and smoke release during testing, making them suitable for potential applications as filling materials in children's toys, furniture, and clothing.

POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY (2021)

Review Polymer Science

Micro- and Nanocellulose in Polymer Composite Materials: A Review

Abdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran et al.

Summary: Cellulose presents a promising opportunity for the development of sustainable materials, especially in the field of biocomposites. This article highlights the importance of extracting, treating, and modifying cellulose for various applications. The reinforcement of micro- and nanocellulose can lead to materials with enhanced performance, with potential for further improvements in engineering applications.

POLYMERS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Applied

Flame-retardant PNIPAAm/sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels used for fire-fighting application: Preparation and characteristic evaluations

Zhicai Yu et al.

Summary: A novel fire-preventing TN hydrogel was prepared and laminated on cotton fabric to enhance fire resistance. The TN hydrogel exhibited excellent swelling ratio, swelling-deswelling behavior, and antibacterial property, with optimal thermal stability observed at a specific ratio. Hydrogel-cotton fabric laminates showed efficient flame retardancy, attributed to energy absorption from water heating and evaporation in the hydrogel, suggesting potential for fire-protective clothing.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Applied

Recent studies on modified cellulose/nanocellulose epoxy composites: A systematic review

Roberta Motta Neves et al.

Summary: This paper systematically reviews the research on chemically modified cellulose/epoxy resin composites in the last five years, focusing on their thermal, mechanical, and dynamic-mechanical properties. This methodology helps identify the main knowledge gaps in the field.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2021)

Article Materials Science, Paper & Wood

Preparation, characterization and testing of flame retardant cotton cellulose material: flame retardancy, thermal stability and flame-retardant mechanism

Ling Sun et al.

Summary: A novel reactive flame retardant coating, ASNDP, was synthesized and applied to enhance the flame retardancy of cotton fabrics. The ASNDP-coated samples showed improved fire resistance and thermal stability through various tests and analyses. The results indicated that ASNDP effectively inhibited fiber combustion and promoted the growth of char layer, demonstrating its potential as a flame retardant for cotton fabrics.

CELLULOSE (2021)

Article Engineering, Manufacturing

Flame retardant treatments for polypropylene: Strategies and recent advances

Wenjing Zhao et al.

Summary: This article reviews the flame retarding strategies used in polypropylene matrices, including flame-retardant compounds, application methods, and flame-inhibition mechanism, highlighting the researchers' efforts in improving the fire performance of PP.

COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Preparation of a novel lignin-based flame retardant for epoxy resin

Dingxiang Liang et al.

Summary: A renewable and eco-friendly lignin-based flame retardant was prepared and significantly improved the flame retardant performance of epoxy resin. It showed excellent smoke suppression effect and low heat release rate, indicating its potential as a promising flame retardant material.

MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (2021)

Review Polymer Science

Progress in Biodegradable Flame Retardant Nano-Biocomposites

Zorana Kovacevic et al.

Summary: The paper summarizes the results of developing high flame-retardant biocomposites and highlights the importance of nanosize flame retardants in enhancing flame retardant properties. It also points out the need for further research on optimizing flame retardant compounds and the potential for creating a new class of bionanocomposite materials with environmental benefits.

POLYMERS (2021)

Review Chemistry, Physical

Modification of Glass/Polyester Laminates with Flame Retardants

Adriana Dowbysz et al.

Summary: This paper reviews the flame retardants used for glass/polyester laminates, including those withdrawn from use and currently used in the industry, as well as new types of flame retardants such as nanoclays and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. It discusses the action mechanism, advantages, and disadvantages of different flame retardants.

MATERIALS (2021)

Article Polymer Science

A Comprehensive Review on Natural Fibers: Technological and Socio-Economical Aspects

Azizatul Karimah et al.

Summary: Asian countries have rich natural fiber resources that have not been optimally utilized, resulting in a gap between national demand and supply. The renewable and biodegradable properties of natural fibers make them promising for various industries, and collaboration between stakeholders and the integration of technologies are essential for expanding their applications. A comprehensive review is needed to develop the utilization and sustainability of natural fibers in order to unlock their economic potential.

POLYMERS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Applied

An overview of alginates as flame-retardant materials: Pyrolysis behaviors, flame retardancy, and applications

Ying-Jun Xu et al.

Summary: Alginates are naturally occurring polysaccharides that have inherent flame retardancy, making them ideal for eco-friendly flame-retardant materials. The influence of metal ions on the flame retardancy and pyrolysis behaviors of alginates has been studied systematically. Alginates have great potential in applications such as preparing flame-retardant fibers, fabrics, and aerogel composites.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2021)

Article Engineering, Multidisciplinary

Phosphorus containing group and lignin toward intrinsically flame retardant cellulose nanofibril-based film with enhanced mechanical properties

Shanshan Zhang et al.

Summary: This study successfully prepared bamboo-based phosphorylated cellulose nanofibril films with excellent mechanical performance and remarkable flame resistance, showing promising potential for applications in flame-retardant packaging materials.

COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

The Influence of Nanoparticles on Fire Retardancy of Pedunculate Oak Wood

Danica Kacikova et al.

Summary: By modifying wood with sodium silicate and nanoparticles, the flame retardant properties of wood can be significantly enhanced. The study demonstrates that water glass plays a dominant role in the wood modification process, while the addition of nanoparticles can effectively slow down the combustion process of wood.

NANOMATERIALS (2021)

Review Forestry

Wood Modification as a Tool to Understand Moisture in Wood

Emil Engelund Thybring et al.

Summary: Moisture is crucial in wood performance, affecting properties like resistance to decomposition, mechanical properties, and dimensions. Wood modification techniques can enhance performance by improving resistance to decomposition, dimensional stability, and introducing novel functionalities. Introducing specific chemical changes and controlling their distribution, along with experimental methods for moisture characterization, can provide insights into the interaction between moisture and wood, benefiting various fields of research.

FORESTS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Construction of a Phytic Acid-Silica System in Wood for Highly Efficient Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression

Zhuoran Chen et al.

Summary: In this study, a phytic acid (PA)-silica hybrid system was introduced into wood through vacuum-pressure impregnation process to enhance its flame retardancy and smoke suppression. Analytical results indicated that the formation of a crosslinked structure in the residual char can prevent the transfer of heat and mass, improving the fire safety of wood without significantly altering its mechanical properties. This approach can be extended to develop other phosphorus and silicon-based materials for enhancing the fire resistance of wood.

MATERIALS (2021)

Article Polymer Science

Enhancement of Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid with a Biodegradable Fire-Retardant Filler System Based on Bamboo Charcoal

Wenzhu Li et al.

Summary: In this study, a cooperative flame-retardant system based on natural intumescent-grafted bamboo charcoal (BC) and chitosan (CS) was developed for polylactic acid (PLA) to improve flame retardancy and strength properties. The addition of chitosan and bamboo charcoal modification showed enhanced crystallinity and flame retardant effect, indicating great potential for practical applications.

POLYMERS (2021)

Review Polymer Science

Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants

R. A. Ilyas et al.

Summary: Polymer composites filled with metal derivatives have been widely used as flame retardants in recent years due to their superior characteristics such as high thermal behavior, low environmental degradation, and good fire resistance. The hybridization of metal and polymer composites produces various favorable properties, making them ideal materials for various advanced applications. Enhancing the fire resistance performance of polymer composites can be achieved by increasing the combustion capability through inclusion of metallic fireproof materials.

POLYMERS (2021)

Article Polymer Science

Flammability Characteristics of Thermally Modified Meranti Wood Treated with Natural and Synthetic Fire Retardants

Milan Gaff et al.

Summary: The study found that thermal modification did not have a positive contribution to the flammability and combustion properties of meranti wood. The effect of the synthetic retardant on all combustion properties was significantly higher compared to that of the natural retardant.

POLYMERS (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Improvement of Flame Retardancy of Polyurethane Foam Using DOPO-Immobilized Silica Aerogel

Xin'guo Zheng et al.

Summary: By incorporating DOPO-immobilized silica aerogel nanoparticles as a flame retardant into polyurethane foams, the heat release rate and total heat release of the composites were effectively reduced, indicating an improved flame retardancy of the foams. It is believed that the DOPO-immobilized silica aerogel nanoparticles can inhibit the degradation of polyurethane and catalyze the formation of carbonaceous carbon on the surface.

FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS (2021)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Preparation and Properties of Bio-Based Flame Retardant L-APP/Poly(L-lactic acid) Composites

Qionglin Luo et al.

Summary: A bio-based flame retardant composite material (L-APP/PLLA) was prepared by melt blending L-APP with PLLA, showing improved flame retardancy with increasing L-APP content.

JOURNAL OF RENEWABLE MATERIALS (2021)

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A review of current physical techniques for dispersion of cellulose nanomaterials in polymer matrices

Saptaparni Chanda et al.

Summary: Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) have numerous advantages and potential applications, but challenges exist in the industrial-scale manufacturing of CNM/polymer composites, primarily due to the dispersion of nanocellulose in the polymer matrix. Various physical dispersion techniques show promise in addressing this challenge, but factors like CNM type, process conditions, and material-related factors need to be carefully considered for successful implementation at commercial scale.

REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE (2021)

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Degradation mechanism and flame retardancy of aluminum phosphonate in glass fiber-reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate)

Hai Vothi et al.

Summary: The flame-retardant effectiveness of aluminum monomethyl methane phosphonate (MMAlPo) on glass fiber-reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (GF-PBT) was studied, and it was found that its gas-phase action dominated. MMAlPo did not show any synergistic effect with melamine polyphosphate (MPP) compared to aluminum diethylphosphinate (DEAlPi).

POLYMER BULLETIN (2021)

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Advancements in traditional and nanosized flame retardants for polymers-A review

Ghazal Vahidi et al.

Summary: In summary, this passage discusses current research on improving the fire retardancy of polymer materials, emphasizing the importance of nanosized fire retardants and the development of eco-friendly alternatives. It also delves into flame retardation mechanisms and traditional fire characterization techniques.

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Convenient blending of alginate fibers with polyamide fibers for flame-retardant non-woven fabrics

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Tongling Zhang et al.

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Non-halogenated flame-retardant additive from Amazon mineral waste

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Flame-Retardant Textile-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Fire Protection Applications

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Lignin-derived bio-based flame retardants toward high-performance sustainable polymeric materials

Haitang Yang et al.

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Renewable biomass gel reinforced core-shell dry water material as novel fire extinguishing agent

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Preparation of Ion-Exchanged TEMPO-Oxidized Celluloses as Flame Retardant Products

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Microcrystalline cellulose from Posidonia oceanica brown algae: Extraction and characterization

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Chitosan Use in Dentistry: A Systematic Review of Recent Clinical Studies

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