The C-terminal stretch of glycine-rich proline-rich protein (SbGPRP1) from Sorghum bicolor serves as an antimicrobial peptide by targeting the bacterial outer membrane protein

Key message The C-terminal stretch in SbGPRP1 (Sorghum glycine-rich proline-rich protein) acts as an antimicrobial peptide in the host innate defense mechanism. Cationic antimicrobial proteins or peptides can either bind to the bacterial membrane or target a specific protein on the bacterial membrane thus leading to membrane perturbation. The 197 amino acid polypeptide of SbGPRP1 showed disordered structure at the N-terminal end and ordered conformation at the C-terminal end. In the present study, the expression of N-SbGPRP1, C-SbGPRP1, and increment SbGPRP1 followed by antimicrobial assays showed potential antimicrobial property of the C-terminal peptide against gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and phytopathogen Rhodococcus fascians. The SbGPRP1 protein loses its antimicrobial property when the 23 amino acid sequence (GHGGHGVFGGGYGHGGYGHGYGG) from position 136 to 158 is deleted from the protein. Thus, it can be concluded that the 23 amino acid sequence is vital for the said antimicrobial property. NPN assay, SEM analysis, and electrolyte leakage assays showed potent antimicrobial activity for C-SbGPRP1. Overexpression of the C-SbGPRP1 mutant protein in tobacco followed by infection with Rhodococcus fascians inhibited bacterial growth as shown by SEM analysis. To determine if C-SbGPRP1 might target any protein on the bacterial membrane we isolated the bacterial membrane protein from both Bacillus subtilis and Rhodococcus fascians. Bacterial membrane protein that interacted with the column-bound C-SbGPRP1 was eluted and subjected to LC-MS/MS. LC-MS/MS data analysis showed peptide hit with membrane protein YszA from Bacillus subtilis and a membrane protein from Rhodococcus fascians. Isolated bacterial membrane protein from Bacillus subtilis or Rhodococcus fascians was able to reduce the antimicrobial activity of C-SbGPRP1. Furthermore, BiFC experiments showed interactions between C-SbGPRP1 and YszA protein from Bacillus subtilis leading to the conclusion that bacterial membrane protein was targeted in such membrane perturbation leading to antimicrobial activity.

Automated summary

The C-terminal stretch in SbGPRP1 acts as an antimicrobial peptide by either binding to the bacterial membrane or targeting a specific protein on the membrane, causing membrane perturbation. The study shows the potential antimicrobial property of the C-terminal peptide against gram-positive bacteria and phytopathogen, and identifies a crucial 23 amino acid sequence for its antimicrobial activity. Further experiments demonstrate the interaction between C-SbGPRP1 and bacterial membrane protein, leading to membrane perturbation and antimicrobial activity.