S-acylated and nucleus-localized SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE3/CALCINEURIN B-LIKE4 stabilizes GIGANTEA to regulate Arabidopsis flowering time under salt stress

The precise timing of flowering in adverse environments is critical for plants to secure reproductive success. We report a mechanism in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) controlling the time of flowering by which the S-acylation-dependent nuclear import of the protein SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE3/CALCINEURIN B-LIKE4 (SOS3/CBL4), a Ca2+-signaling intermediary in the plant response to salinity, results in the selective stabilization of the flowering time regulator GIGANTEA inside the nucleus under salt stress, while degradation of GIGANTEA in the cytosol releases the protein kinase SOS2 to achieve salt tolerance. S-acylation of SOS3 was critical for its nuclear localization and the promotion of flowering, but partly dispensable for salt tolerance. SOS3 interacted with the photoperiodic flowering components GIGANTEA and FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX1 and participated in the transcriptional complex that regulates CONSTANS to sustain the transcription of CO and FLOWERING LOCUS T under salinity. Thus, the SOS3 protein acts as a Ca2+- and S-acylation-dependent versatile regulator that fine-tunes flowering time in a saline environment through the shared spatial separation and selective stabilization of GIGANTEA, thereby connecting two signaling networks to co-regulate the stress response and the time of flowering. Teaser Abstract The SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE3/CALCINEURIN B-LIKE4 protein acts as a Ca2+- and S-acylation-dependent regulator that fine-tunes flowering time in a saline environment through the selective stabilization of GIGANTEA in the nucleus.

Automated summary

The protein SOS3/CBL4 acts as a Ca2+- and S-acylation-dependent regulator that controls flowering time in a saline environment through the selective stabilization of GIGANTEA in the nucleus, while degradation of GIGANTEA in the cytosol releases SOS2 to achieve salt tolerance. SOS3 interacts with photoperiodic flowering components GIGANTEA and FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX1, and participates in the transcriptional complex that regulates CO and FLOWERING LOCUS T under salinity. Thus, SOS3 connects two signaling networks to co-regulate the stress response and flowering time.