Intracerebral hemorrhage markers on non-contrast computed tomography as predictors of the dynamic spot sign on CT perfusion and associations with hematoma expansion and outcome

Purpose To assess the association between non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) hematoma markers and the dynamic spot sign on computed tomography perfusion (CTP), and their associations with hematoma expansion, clinical outcome, and in-hospital mortality. Methods Patients who presented with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) to a stroke center over an 18-month period and underwent baseline NCCT and CTP, and a follow-up NCCT within 24 h after the baseline scan were included. The initial and follow-up hematoma volumes were calculated. Two raters independently assessed the baseline NCCT for hematoma markers and concurrently assessed the CTP for the dynamic spot sign. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between the hematoma markers and the dynamic spot sign, adjusting for known ICH expansion predictors. Results Eighty-five patients were included in our study and 55 patients were suitable for expansion analysis. Heterogeneous density was the only NCCT hematoma marker to be associated with the dynamic spot sign after multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 58.61; 95% confidence interval, 9.13-376.05; P < 0.001). The dynamic spot sign was present in 22 patients (26%) and significantly predicted hematoma expansion (odds ratio, 36.6; 95% confidence interval, 2.51-534.2; P = 0.008). All patients with a spot sign had a swirl sign. A co-located hypodensity and spot sign was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 6.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-34.78; P = 0.039). Conclusion Heterogeneous density and swirl sign are associated with the dynamic spot sign. The dynamic spot sign is a stronger predictor than NCCT hematoma markers of significant hematoma expansion. A co-located spot sign and hypodensity predicts in-hospital mortality.

Automated summary

This study assessed the association between non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) hematoma markers and the dynamic spot sign on computed tomography perfusion (CTP), and their associations with hematoma expansion, clinical outcome, and in-hospital mortality. The study found that heterogeneous density and swirl sign are associated with the dynamic spot sign, and the dynamic spot sign is a stronger predictor than NCCT hematoma markers of significant hematoma expansion. A co-located spot sign and hypodensity predicts in-hospital mortality.