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Towards an understanding of psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity

NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2023)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Pharmahuasca and DMT Rescue ROS Production and Differentially Expressed Genes Observed after Predator and Psychosocial Stress: Relevance to Human PTSD

D. Parker Kelley et al.

Summary: This study compared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the brain between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and animal models of traumatic stress. The researchers found overlapping DEGs between these two groups and tested the effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmaline on reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inflammatory gene expression in the animal model. Treatment with DMT and pharmahuasca reduced ROS production and normalized overlapping DEGs associated with ROS production, inflammation, growth factor signaling, neurotransmission, and neuroplasticity.

ACS CHEMICAL NEUROSCIENCE (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Biochemical Mechanisms Underlying Psychedelic-Induced Neuroplasticity

David E. Olson

Summary: In addition to their profound subjective effects, psychedelic compounds can induce long-lasting beneficial behavioral changes relevant to the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. This may be due to their ability to promote neuroplasticity in the prefrontal cortex, leading to synaptic connectivity restoration. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity is crucial for developing improved alternatives for treating these disorders.

BIOCHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Acute Effects of Psilocybin After Escitalopram or Placebo Pretreatment in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study in Healthy Subjects

Anna M. Becker et al.

Summary: The study examined the interaction between escitalopram and psilocybin in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Escitalopram pretreatment was found to reduce certain negative effects of psilocybin, but further research is needed to fully understand the interactions between antidepressants and psilocybin in patients with psychiatric disorders.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Therapeutic effect of an ayahuasca analogue in clinically depressed patients: a longitudinal observational study

Kim van Oorsouw et al.

Summary: Research indicates that the use of ayahuasca can lead to long-term improvements in mental health in clinically depressed patients, with outcomes correlated with levels of experienced ego dissolution and oceanic boundlessness.

PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness: a systematic review

Nina Schimmel et al.

Summary: Psychedelic treatments show promising results in alleviating existential distress, depression, and anxiety in terminally ill patients, but further high-quality studies are needed to draw final conclusions on their effectiveness and safety.

PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Flashback phenomena after administration of LSD and psilocybin in controlled studies with healthy participants

Felix Mueller et al.

Summary: Reoccurring drug-like experiences after the administration of LSD and psilocybin are common in healthy subjects, occurring in up to 9.2% of participants. However, these experiences are generally mild and perceived as neutral to pleasant. Flashback phenomena do not appear to be clinically relevant in controlled studies with healthy participants.

PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Ayahuasca may help to improve self-compassion and self-criticism capacities

Elisabet Dominguez-Clave et al.

Summary: Ayahuasca, a psychedelic brew from the Amazon basin, has been shown to significantly improve self-compassion and promote well-being in individuals with negative affect and other psychopathological conditions, indicating its potential therapeutic effects. Further large-scale controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings.

HUMAN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL (2022)

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Editorial Material Clinical Neurology

Toward the helioscope hypothesis of psychedelic therapy

Gregor Hasler

EUROPEAN NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

LSD, afterglow and hangover: Increased episodic memory and verbal fluency, decreased cognitive flexibility

Isabel Wiessner et al.

Summary: Psychedelics acutely impair cognitive functions, but these impairments decline with growing experiences. This study found that a low dose of LSD may improve visuospatial memory and phonological fluency, but impair cognitive flexibility in the sub-acute stage.

EUROPEAN NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Repeated lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) reverses stress-induced anxiety-like behavior, cortical synaptogenesis deficits and serotonergic neurotransmission decline

Danilo De Gregorio et al.

Summary: Repeated LSD administration can prevent the exacerbation of anxiety-like behavior following chronic stress exposure. This effect may be mediated through increased cortical spine density and enhanced release of 5-HT neurotransmitters.

NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Direct comparison of the acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects

Friederike Holze et al.

Summary: This study compared the subjective and autonomic effects of LSD and psilocybin, finding that the higher doses of both substances produced similar subjective effects, but psilocybin had weaker effects at a lower dose. Additionally, LSD and psilocybin showed differences in their effects on heart rate and blood pressure.

NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Brain serotonin 2A receptor binding predicts subjective temporal and mystical effects of psilocybin in healthy humans

Dea Siggaard Stenbaek et al.

Summary: This study found associations between brain 5-HT2AR binding and the intensity and duration of psilocybin effects, as well as mystical experiences. The findings suggest a potential link between individual brain levels of 5-HT2AR and therapeutic outcomes in clinical studies.

JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Acute dose-dependent effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects

Friederike Holze et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the subjective and autonomic effects of different doses of LSD in healthy subjects. It found that LSD displayed dose-proportional pharmacokinetics and dose-dependently induced subjective responses, with a ceiling effect observed for good drug effects at 100 μg. The results suggest that future LSD research may benefit from dose finding based on these findings, and that the full psychedelic effects of LSD are primarily mediated by serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation.

NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Ketamine Rapidly Enhances Glutamate-Evoked Dendritic Spinogenesis in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Through Dopaminergic Mechanisms

Mingzheng Wu et al.

Summary: The study revealed that ketamine rapidly enhances glutamate-evoked spinogenesis in the medial prefrontal cortex through dopamine D1 receptor activation, matching the timing of its behavioral efficacy and preceding changes in dendritic spine density. Ketamine's behavioral effects can be blocked by chemogenetic inhibition of dopamine release and mimicked by activating presynaptic dopaminergic terminals or postsynaptic Gas-coupled cascades in the medial prefrontal cortex. The findings highlight the dopaminergic mediation of rapid enhancement in activity-dependent dendritic spinogenesis and behavioral effects induced by ketamine.

BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A Single Dose of Psilocybin Increases Synaptic Density and Decreases 5-HT2A Receptor Density in the Pig Brain

Nakul Ravi Raval et al.

Summary: This study showed that a single dose of psilocybin can lead to increased SV2A density and decreased 5-HT2AR density in the pig brain, suggesting a potential role in the antidepressant effects of psilocybin.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A non-hallucinogenic psychedelic analogue with therapeutic potential

Lindsay P. Cameron et al.

Summary: The study identifies key structural elements of the potential therapeutic pharmacophore of ibogaine and designs tabernanthalog, a safer, non-hallucinogenic analogue of ibogaine. Tabernanthalog is found to promote neural plasticity, reduce addiction-related behavior, and produce antidepressant effects in rodents. Through careful chemical design, it is possible to modify psychedelic compounds to produce safer, non-hallucinogenic variants with therapeutic potential.

NATURE (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms

Antonio Inserra et al.

Summary: Psychedelic compounds are emerging as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry, with their main effects mediated through the modulation of neurotransmitter systems, immunity, and neuroplasticity. Promising results suggest an opportunity for improvement in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, an area that has seen limited advancement in the past 20 years. Studies are underway to separate the psychedelic effects from the therapeutic effects of these compounds, aiming to provide more effective treatment options.

PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) promotes social behavior through mTORC1 in the excitatory neurotransmission

Danilo De Gregorio et al.

Summary: Clinical studies have shown that LSD can enhance empathy and social behavior in humans. This study in male mice found that LSD promotes social behavior by potentiating glutamatergic neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex through the 5-HT2A/AMPA receptors and mTOR signaling. The results suggest that activating these pathways with psychedelic drugs could be explored for treating mental disorders characterized by social behavior impairments.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

A Dendrite-Focused Framework for Understanding the Actions of Ketamine and Psychedelics

Neil K. Savalia et al.

Summary: Studies have shown that serotonergic psychedelics like psilocybin and ketamine may relieve depression by promoting neural plasticity. Despite targeting distinct molecular receptors in the brain, the behavioral and neural effects of these compounds are similar, possibly by enhancing and suppressing membrane excitability at dendrites.

TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Prolonged epigenomic and synaptic plasticity alterations following single exposure to a psychedelic in mice

Mario de la Fuente Revenga et al.

Summary: Clinical evidence shows that rapid and sustained antidepressant effects can be achieved with a single exposure to psychedelics. The study found that a single dose of the psychedelic DOI has fast-acting effects on the frontal cortex dendritic spine structure and accelerates fear extinction through the 5-HT2A receptor. Furthermore, DOI induces changes in chromatin organization, particularly at enhancer regions of genes involved in synaptic assembly, which overlap with genetic loci associated with schizophrenia, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

The Hallucinogenic Serotonin2A Receptor Agonist, 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Iodoamphetamine, Promotes cAMP Response Element Binding Protein-Dependent Gene Expression of Specific Plasticity-Associated Genes in the Rodent Neocortex

Lynette A. Desouza et al.

Summary: The hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonist DOI rapidly upregulates neuronal plasticity-associated genes in the rat neocortex through activation of the CREB transcription factor. This upregulation was confirmed in both in vitro and in vivo studies, and has significant implications for psychoplastic changes.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Effects of Ayahuasca on the Recognition of Facial Expressions of Emotions in Naive Healthy Volunteers A Pilot, Proof-of-Concept, Randomized Controlled Trial

Juliana Mendes Rocha et al.

Summary: This study found that a single dose of ayahuasca did not significantly affect the recognition of emotions in facial expressions in healthy volunteers, and had no significant impact on cardiovascular measures and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Volunteers reported mainly visual effects, tranquility/relaxation, and well-being, with tolerability mainly involving nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, and vomiting.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression

Robin Carhart-Harris et al.

Summary: The study compared the efficacy of psilocybin and escitalopram in treating patients with major depressive disorder. While there was no significant difference in antidepressant effects between the two drugs at week 6, secondary outcomes generally favored psilocybin over escitalopram, though these results were not adjusted for multiple comparisons. Larger and longer trials are needed to further compare psilocybin with established antidepressants.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Harnessing psilocybin: antidepressant-like behavioral and synaptic actions of psilocybin are independent of 5-HT2R activation in mice

Natalie Hesselgrave et al.

Summary: Psilocybin has shown promising rapid and persistent antidepressant effects in mice, possibly through enhancing excitatory synapses in the hippocampus, independent of 5-HT2A receptor activation. Further research is needed to explore the potential combination of psychedelic compounds and 5-HT2AR antagonists for clinical utility in human depression.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Psychiatry

Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial

Alan K. Davis et al.

Summary: The study showed that psilocybin therapy with psychological support is effective in treating MDD, building on previous findings in patients with cancer and depression, as well as in a nonrandomized study in patients with treatment-resistant depression.

JAMA PSYCHIATRY (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Catalysts for change: the cellular neurobiology of psychedelics

Matthew I. Banks et al.

Summary: The perspective discusses the ability of psychedelics to promote neural plasticity and their potential in treating psychiatric disorders. The activation of signaling pathways by psychedelics can lead to long-term structural changes in the brain, which is closely related to the neural mechanisms of psychiatric disorders and the complexity of transformations in consciousness, mood, and behavior that psychedelics induce.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL (2021)

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Article Behavioral Sciences

Improving cognitive functioning in major depressive disorder with psychedelics: A dimensional approach

Igor Magaraggia et al.

Summary: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by high symptomatic and biological heterogeneity, making it difficult to find broadly effective treatments. The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework may offer a more beneficial approach to treatment. Psychedelics have shown potential in reducing negative bias and rumination in depressed patients by enhancing cognitive flexibility.

NEUROBIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Psilocybin induces rapid and persistent growth of dendritic spines in frontal cortex in vivo

Ling-Xiao Shao et al.

Summary: The study showed that psilocybin can induce rapid and lasting synaptic rewiring in the cortex, increasing spine size and density. This structural change may have potential implications for long-term integration of experiences and lasting beneficial actions.

NEURON (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

N,N-Dimethyltryptamine attenuates spreading depolarization and restrains neurodegeneration by sigma-1 receptor activation in the ischemic rat brain

Irisz Szabo et al.

Summary: The study suggests that DMT may serve as an adjuvant pharmacological therapy in the management of acute cerebral ischemia, by mitigating spreading depolarizations (SDs) and promoting neuronal survival, reducing the number of apoptotic and ferroptotic cells.

NEUROPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Neuroplasticity as a convergent mechanism of ketamine and classical psychedelics

Lily R. Aleksandrova et al.

Summary: The emerging therapeutic efficacy of ketamine and classical psychedelics for depression has sparked considerable interest in the mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity. Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that these drugs induce synaptic, structural, and functional changes, particularly in pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex, resulting in adaptive rewiring of pathological neurocircuitry.

TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Low Doses of LSD Acutely Increase BDNF Blood Plasma Levels in Healthy Volunteers

Nadia R. P. W. Hutten et al.

Summary: The study found that single low doses of LSD can significantly increase BDNF levels in healthy volunteers in a short period of time, providing a new direction for researching the use of LSD in patient populations.

ACS PHARMACOLOGY & TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Transient Stimulation with Psychoplastogens Is Sufficient to Initiate Neuronal Growth

Calvin Ly et al.

Summary: Cortical neuron atrophy is a hallmark of depression, and psychoplastogens like ketamine and LSD have been shown to promote sustained growth of cortical neurons after short periods of stimulation. These psychoplastogens induce cortical neuron growth through distinct phases, with early TrkB activation and later sustained mTOR and AMPA receptor activation being crucial. It is suggested that rapidly excreted psychoplastogens may have unique advantages as neurotherapeutics compared to compounds like ketamine and LSD.

ACS PHARMACOLOGY & TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Acute and Sustained Reductions in Loss of Meaning and Suicidal Ideation Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for Psychiatric and Existential Distress in Life-Threatening Cancer

Stephen Ross et al.

Summary: Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) shows rapid and sustained improvements in depression, demoralization, and hopelessness in cancer patients. Further analysis reveals significant within-group reductions in loss of meaning and suicidal ideation following PAP treatment.

ACS PHARMACOLOGY & TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

The Subjective Effects of Psychedelics Are Necessary for Their Enduring Therapeutic Effects

David B. Yaden et al.

Summary: The subjective effects of psychedelics are crucial for their lasting benefits, accounting for the majority of their therapeutic outcomes.

ACS PHARMACOLOGY & TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Pivotal mental states

Ari Brouwer et al.

Summary: This paper introduces a new concept, the 'pivotal mental state', which is defined as a hyper-plastic state aiding rapid and deep learning that can mediate psychological transformation. The authors argue that chronic stress and neurotic traits may prime for a pivotal mental state, while acute stress can trigger it. They also highlight the role of serotonin 2A receptor agonist psychedelics in inducing pivotal mental states and propose a multi-level model linking molecular mechanisms with psychological transformation.

JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Transcriptional regulation in the rat prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after a single administration of psilocybin

Oskar Hougaard Jefsen et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that psilocybin rapidly induces gene expression related to neuroplasticity, biased towards the prefrontal cortex, compared to the hippocampus. This provides further evidence for the rapid plasticity-promoting effects of psilocybin.

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Distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and d-amphetamine in healthy subjects

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A single psilocybin dose is associated with long-term increased mindfulness, preceded by a proportional change in neocortical 5-HT2A receptor binding

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Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric and existential distress in patients with life-threatening cancer

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Chronic, Intermittent Microdoses of the Psychedelic N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) Produce Positive Effects on Mood and Anxiety in Rodents

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Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up

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Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity

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Quality of Acute Psychedelic Experience Predicts Therapeutic Efficacy of Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression

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Increase in PAS-induced neuroplasticity after a treatment course of intranasal ketamine for depression. Report of three cases from a placebo-controlled trial

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The Fabric of Meaning and Subjective Effects in LSD-Induced States Depend on Serotonin 2A Receptor Activation

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CURRENT BIOLOGY (2017)

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Tripping up addiction: the use of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of problematic drug and alcohol use

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CURRENT OPINION IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES (2017)

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State-Dependent Partial Occlusion of Cortical LTP-Like Plasticity in Major Depression

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Modulatory effect of the 5-HT1A agonist buspirone and the mixed non-hallucinogenic 5-HT1A/2A agonist ergotamine on psilocybin-induced psychedelic experience

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EUROPEAN NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2016)

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Receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive tryptamines compared with classic hallucinogens

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EUROPEAN NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (2016)

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Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences

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The Challenging Experience Questionnaire: Characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms

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Article Clinical Neurology

Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial

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Article Clinical Neurology

Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial

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Article Neurosciences

The serotonergic hallucinogen 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine disrupts cortical activity in a regionally-selective manner via 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

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PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2016)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Cartography of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A Receptor Subtypes in Prefrontal Cortex and Its Projections

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Acute Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Subjects

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BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY (2015)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Peak experiences and the afterglow phenomenon: When and how do therapeutic effects of hallucinogens depend on psychedelic experiences?

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Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: A proof-of-concept study

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Receptor interaction profiles of novel N-2-methoxybenzyl (NSOMe) derivatives of 2,5-dimethoxy-substituted phenethylamines (2C drugs)

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Psilocybin-induced spiritual experiences and insightfulness are associated with synchronization of neuronal oscillations

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LSD-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with a life-threatening disease: A qualitative study of acute and sustained subjective effects

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Safety and Efficacy of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anxiety Associated With Life-threatening Diseases

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Repeated lysergic acid diethylamide in an animal model of depression: Normalisation of learning behaviour and hippocampal serotonin 5-HT2 signalling

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Chronic LSD alters gene expression profiles in the mPFC relevant to schizophrenia

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RIVASTIGMINE IMPROVES HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS VIA 5-HT1A RECEPTOR STIMULATION IN OLFACTORY BULBECTOMIZED MICE

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Mefloquine and psychotomimetics share neurotransmitter receptor and transporter interactions in vitro

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Induction of the plasticity-associated immediate early gene Arc by stress and hallucinogens: role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor

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Antidepressant effects of sertraline associated with volume increases in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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Review Neurosciences

The two faces of the pharmacological interaction of mGlu2 and 5-HT2A - Relevance of receptor heterocomplexes and interaction through functional brain pathways

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Stimulation of the Sigma-1 Receptor by DHEA Enhances Synaptic Efficacy and Neurogenesis in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus of Olfactory Bulbectomized Mice

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Effects of psilocybin on hippocampal neurogenesis and extinction of trace fear conditioning

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Personality, Psychopathology, Life Attitudes and Neuropsychological Performance among Ritual Users of Ayahuasca: A Longitudinal Study

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Review Behavioral Sciences

The structural and functional connectivity of the amygdala: From normal emotion to pathological anxiety

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BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH (2011)

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Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications

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Blood BDNF concentrations reflect brain-tissue BDNF levels across species

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Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies

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Metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 receptor is necessary for the pharmacological and behavioral effects induced by hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonists

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PLOS ONE (2010)

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Intrahippocampal LSD accelerates learning and desensitizes the 5-HT2A receptor in the rabbit, Romano et al.

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The partial 5-HT1A receptor agonist buspirone enhances neurogenesis in the opossum (Monodelphis domestica)

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Review Neurosciences

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Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later

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5-HT2A/2C receptor blockade regulates progenitor cell proliferation in the adult rat hippocampus

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Review Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology

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Long-term plasticity of visually evoked potentials in humans is altered in major depression

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Hallucinogens recruit specific cortical 5-HT2A receptor-mediated signaling pathways to affect behavior

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The roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors in the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition in rats

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The 5-HT1A receptor and the stimulus effects of LSD in the rat

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Using psilocybin to investigate the relationship between attention, working memory, and the serotonin 1A and 2A receptors

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Serotonin-induced increases in adult cell proliferation and neurogenesis are mediated through different and common 5-HT receptor subtypes in the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Molecular genetic responses to lysergic acid diethylamide include transcriptional activation of MAP kinase phosphatase-1, C/EBP-β and ILAD-1, a novel gene with homology to arrestins

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Beneficial effects of the sigma, receptor agonists igmesine and dehydroepiandrosterone against learning impairments in rats prenatally exposed to cocaine

J Meunier et al.

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Article Neurosciences

Lysergic acid diethylamide and [-]-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine increase extracellular glutamate in rat prefrontal cortex

JW Muschamp et al.

BRAIN RESEARCH (2004)

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Dynamic changes in prefrontal cortex gene expression following lysergic acid diethylamide administration

CD Nichols et al.

MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH (2003)

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BDNF release from single cells elicits local dendritic growth in nearby neurons

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NATURE NEUROSCIENCE (2002)

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Lysergamides of isomeric 2,4-dimethylazetidines map the binding orientation of the diethylamide moiety in the potent hallucinogenic agent N,N-diethyllysergamide (LSD)

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Modulation of DOI-induced increases in cortical BDNF expression by group II mGlu receptors

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Psychotherapy and combined psychotherapy/pharmacotherapy for late life depression

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BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY (2002)

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A single dose of lysergic acid diethylamide influences gene expression patterns within the mammalian brain

CD Nichols et al.

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Combining psychotherapy and antidepressants in the treatment of depression

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Induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex by paired associative stimulation

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BRAIN (2000)

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The paradox of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: An indoleamine hallucinogen that induces stimulus control via 5-HT1A receptors

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