期刊
MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY
卷 15, 期 6, 页码 1188-1198出版社
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00574-z
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资金
- Gebert Ruf Microbials [GR073/17]
- Swiss National Science Foundation [40B2-0_180953, 310030_185128, 180575]
- European Research Council Consolidator Grant [865730]
- SNF [PP00PP_176954]
- ERC [ECOSTRAT-101002643]
- Gebert Ruf Microbials (PhagoVax) [GRS-093/20]
- Botnar Research Center for Child Health
- Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) [40B2-0_180953, 310030_185128] Funding Source: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)
- European Research Council (ERC) [865730] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
Studying immune responses by injecting protein antigen is a simplified approach, as it fails to consider the rapid evolution of infectious agents and the impact of microbial evolution on immune outcomes. Understanding intestinal immune mechanisms is crucial for immunotherapy and prophylaxis, particularly in the design of effective mucosal vaccines.
In the beginning it was simple: we injected a protein antigen and studied the immune responses against the purified protein. This elegant toolbox uncovered thousands of mechanisms via which immune cells are activated. However, when we consider immune responses against real infectious threats, this elegant simplification misses half of the story: the infectious agents are typically evolving orders-of-magnitude faster than we are. Nowhere is this more pronounced than in the mammalian large intestine. A bacterium representing only 0.1% of the human gut microbiota will have a population size of 10(9) clones, each actively replicating. Moreover, the evolutionary pressure from other microbes is at least as profound as direct effects of the immune system. Therefore, to really understand intestinal immune mechanisms, we need to understand both the host response and how rapid microbial evolution alters the apparent outcome of the response. In this review we use the examples of intestinal inflammation and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) to highlight what is already known (Fig. 1). Further, we will explore how these interactions can inform immunotherapy and prophylaxis. This has major implications for how we design effective mucosal vaccines against increasingly drug-resistant bacterial pathogens
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