Directed energy deposition GRCop-42 copper alloy: Characterization and size effects

Laser Powder Direct Energy Deposition (LP-DED) allows for manufacturing of large components while still maintaining internal thin walls for heat exchanger applications. The LP-DED process has been matured for alloys including stainless steels, superalloys, and titanium, but has had very limited research using copper-based alloys, which are important for applications that require high thermal conductivity. This study quantifies the size effects on microstructure, surface metrology, microhardness, and mechan-ical response to tensile loads for different thicknesses and powder compositions of hot isostatic pressed (HIP) LP-DED Copper-Chromium-Niobium alloy, specifically GRCop-42. To accomplish this, tensile spec-imens were sectioned from single track build walls in both horizontal and vertical orientations to also investigate possible anisotropic behavior in the part. Results show that microstructure, hardness, surface metrology, and porosity are independent of wall thickness. Uniaxial loading response showed some vari-ations with specimens orientation and size effects. For vertical specimens, thicker specimens showed a 6% higher elongation than thinner specimens. Horizontal specimens showed close to double the elonga-tion when compared to vertical specimens, where thinner specimens had a higher reduction in elonga-tion than thicker specimens. Additionally, removing the surface effects through polishing practically eliminated the anisotropic behavior between horizontal and vertical specimens along with the observed size effects. To demonstrate size effects dependency on the manufacturing process comparison is made between GRCop-42 alloy produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) and LP-DED.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Automated summary

This study investigates the size effects of HIP LP-DED Copper-Chromium-Niobium alloy, specifically GRCop-42, on microstructure, hardness, surface metrology, and mechanical response. Results indicate directional and size effects in tensile loading response, with variations observed between specimens orientation and thickness.