Poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate polymer membranes as eco-friendly and biodegradable coatings for slow release fertilizers

BACKGROUND The use of slow release fertilizers (SRFs) is an effective approach for reducing agriculture cost, environmental and ecological issues simultaneously. The present study provides a series of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/sodium alginate (SA) polymer membranes as eco-friendly and biodegradable coatings for SRFs. Moreover, polymer-coated urea (PCU) granules were fabricated through coating the urea granules with the resulting membranes. Our first interest was to fabricate three membranes (PS1, PS2, PS3) of different PVA/SA weight ratios (9:1, 8:2, 7:3) using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent, and crosslink the PS3 membrane with a CaCl2 solution further to obtain the PC3 membrane. The chemical properties and morphologies of the membranes were characterized. Second, the nitrogen release behavior of the PCU granules was measured and calculated, respectively. RESULTS Crosslinking with glutaraldehyde made the PS1, PS2, PS3 membranes uniform and compact, whereas crosslinking with a CaCl2 solution formed an 'egg box' structure inside the PC3 membrane. PS3 membrane with the minimum PVA/SA weight ratio had the highest hydrophily (water uptake: 106.25%, water contact angle: 55.1(o)), whereas PC3 membrane had the lowest hydrophily (water uptake: 21.57%, water contact angle: 67.3(o)). The biodegradation ratios of the membranes were in the range 44-60% in 90 days, indicating that they had excellent biodegradability. The measured fractional release on the day 30 of the PCU granules ranged from 89.33% to 97.07%. The calculated nitrogen release behavior agreed well with the measured values. CONCLUSION The resulting eco-friendly and biodegradable PVA/SA membranes are alternative coatings for SRFs. (c) 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Automated summary

The study developed eco-friendly and biodegradable PVA/SA membranes as alternative coatings for SRFs. The membranes were successfully fabricated with different PVA/SA weight ratios and crosslinked using glutaraldehyde and CaCl2 solution. The biodegradable membranes exhibited excellent hydrophilicity and degradation properties. The nitrogen release behavior of the PCU granules was accurately predicted using calculated values.