Ester-based surfactants: Are they stable enough?

Surfactants with an ester bond connecting the polar headgroup and the hydrophobic tail are common. They are easy to synthesize, they can often be made from natural raw materials and their biodegradation profile is generally good, partly due to lipase or esterase catalyzed breakdown of the ester bond in sewage plants. A labile ester bond in the molecule may cause problems, however. Surfactants are often formulated at relatively high pH and it is important that they remain intact for a given period of time. In this article we discuss alkaline hydrolysis of different types of ester-based surfactants-cationic, anionic and nonionic-and also of surfactant mixtures. We show that the ester bond in a surfactant has a different hydrolysis pattern than ester bonds in non-surface active uncharged molecules. Cationic ester-based surfactants are hydrolyzed rapidly while anionic and also nonionic ester-containing surfactants are relatively resistant to hydrolysis.

Automated summary

Surfactants with an ester bond are easy to synthesize, can be made from natural raw materials, and have good biodegradation properties. However, labile ester bonds in some surfactants can cause stability issues at high pH. This article discusses the alkaline hydrolysis of different types of ester-based surfactants and surfactant mixtures, finding that cationic surfactants hydrolyze rapidly while anionic and nonionic ester-based surfactants are more resistant to hydrolysis.