Revealing Atomistic Mechanisms of Gold-Catalyzed Germanium Growth Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) method is consid-ered a plausible technique for synthesizing germanium (Ge) nanostructures (e.g., nanowires), which have a broad range of applications due to their unique electronic properties and intrinsic compatibility with silicon. However, crystallization failures and material defects are still frequently observed in VLS processes, with insufficient understanding of their underlying mechanisms due to instrumental limitations for high-resolution in situ character-izations. Employing an accurate interatomic potential well fitted to the gold-germanium (Au-Ge) phase diagram, we performed molecular dynamics simulations for a systematic investigation of the Au-catalyzed growth process of Ge crystals. From the simulations, relationships were established between the overall Ge growth rate and several main synthesis conditions, including substrate crystallographic orientation, temperature, and Ge supersaturation in liquid. The dynamical behaviors of Ge atoms near the liquid-solid growing interface were captured, from which the atom surface stability and exchange rate were estimated for quantifying the atomistic details of the growth. These interface properties were further linked to the surface morphologies, to explain the observed orientation-dependent growing modes. This study sheds new light on the understanding of the VLS growth mechanisms of Ge crystals and provides scientific guidelines for designing innovative synthesis methods for similar nanomaterials.

Automated summary

The growth process of Ge crystals catalyzed by Au was investigated through molecular dynamics simulations, establishing relationships between the overall Ge growth rate and synthesis conditions. The dynamic behaviors of Ge atoms near the liquid-solid interface were captured, and the interface properties were linked to the surface morphologies to explain the observed orientation-dependent growing modes.