Recent development of small-molecule fluorescent probes based on phenothiazine and its derivates

Fluorescence probes, as analytical tools with the ability to perform rapid and sensitive detection of target ana-lytes, have made outstanding contributions to environmental analysis and bioassays. Considering the expanding developments in these areas, fluorophores play a key role in the de-sign of fluorescence probes. Compared to classical fluorophores, phenothiazines with elec-tron-rich characteristics have been widely applied to construct electron donor-acceptor dyes, which exhibit outstanding performance in both fluorimetric and colorimetric analysis. In addition, these probes also exhibit the pronounced ability in both solution and solid-state, achieving portable detection for environmental analysis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the performance of phenothiazine-based fluorescent probes for detecting various analytes, especially in cations, anions, ROS/RSS, enzyme and other small molecules. The general design rules, response mechanisms and practical applications of the probes are analyzed, followed by a discussion of exiting challenges and future research perspectives. It is hoped that this review will provide a few strategies for the development of phenothiazine-based fluorescent probes.

Automated summary

Fluorescence probes are essential tools for rapid and sensitive detection in environmental analysis and bioassays. Phenothiazine-based dyes, with their electron-rich characteristics, have been widely used in constructing electron donor-acceptor dyes for fluorescence and colorimetric analysis. This review summarizes recent advances in the performance of phenothiazine-based fluorescent probes in detecting various analytes, and discusses design rules, response mechanisms, practical applications, challenges, and future research perspectives.