Solubility, dissolution thermodynamics, Hansen solubility parameter and molecular simulation of 4-chlorobenzophenone with different solvents

Equilibrium mole fraction solubility of 4-chlorobenzophenone in eleven organic solvents, as well as in neat water, was determined at temperatures ranging from 278.15 K to 323.15 K. Solubility of 4-hlorobenzophenone in these solvents increased with rising of temperatures, and the data was adequately correlated with several well-known thermodynamic models with the average relative deviations (100ARD) of 0.03 to 12.91%, suggesting good correlation. The effects of solvent polarity on solubility were also investigated, and 4-chlorobenzophenone dissolved more in less polar solvents (ester solvents) than in strong polar solvents (alcohol solvents) due to the weak polarity functional groups of 4-hlorobenzophenone. Respective apparent thermodynamic functions, i.e. Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy, for the dissolution process, were calculated using the Wilson equation. Results showed that the dissolution process of 4-chlorobenzophenone was endothermic and spontaneous. Furthermore, Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) were applied to further discuss the miscibility of 4-hlorobenzophenone in the selected solvents. Molecular dynamics simulation explored the molecular interaction between 4-chlorobenzophenone and solvents, and strong interaction between 4-hlorobenzophenone and ester solvents contributed to the higher solubility. (C) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

The equilibrium mole fraction solubility of 4-chlorobenzophenone in eleven organic solvents and water was measured at different temperatures. The solubility of 4-chlorobenzophenone increased with temperature and was well correlated with several thermodynamic models. The solubility was found to be higher in less polar solvents compared to polar solvents due to the weak polarity of 4-chlorobenzophenone. The thermodynamic functions and molecular interactions were also investigated using relevant equations and molecular dynamics simulation. The results showed that the dissolution process of 4-chlorobenzophenone was endothermic and spontaneous, and the strong interaction between 4-chlorobenzophenone and ester solvents contributed to higher solubility.