Lanthanum tin oxide-modified sensor electrode for the rapid detection of environmentally hazardous insecticide carbaryl in soil, water, and vegetable samples

The growing population and global food demands have encouraged the use of pesticides to increase agricultural yields; however, the irrational use of pesticides threatens human health and the environment. Carbaryl (CRBL) is the most widespread insecticide and severely affects soil, water systems, and human health. Thus, it is crucial to monitor CRBL residues in the environment and vegetable samples. This study reports the rapid and sensitive electrochemical detection of CRBL based on a pyrochlore-type lanthanum tin oxide (LSO) nanoparticles (NPs) modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). A low-temperature hydrothermal method was employed to prepare the LSO NPs. The structural properties of the LSO NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. The LSO NPs/SPCE demonstrated good electroanalytical performance for CRBL detection, with a low detection limit of 0.4 nM (0.08 mu g/L) and a sensitivity of 1.05 mu A/(mu M cm(2)). Furthermore, the LSO NPs/SPCE exhibited high selectivity among highly interfering carbamate and organophosphorus pesticides, which share similar mechanisms of action. Additionally, the LSO NPs/SPCE sensor achieved >90% recovery for the detection of CRBL in soil, water, and vegetable samples, thus verifying its suitability for the rapid detection of CRBL.

Automated summary

This study presents a rapid and sensitive electrochemical detection method for carbaryl (CRBL) based on a pyrochlore-type lanthanum tin oxide (LSO) nanoparticles (NPs) modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The LSO NPs/SPCE exhibited good electroanalytical performance for CRBL detection, with low detection limit and high selectivity among interfering pesticides. The sensor showed high recovery in detecting CRBL in soil, water, and vegetable samples, proving its suitability for rapid detection of CRBL.