New insight into the mechanism underlying the effect of biochar on phenanthrene degradation in contaminated soil revealed through DNA-SIP

Biochar has been widely used for the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soil, but its mechanism of influencing PAH biodegradation remains unclear. Here, DNA-stable isotope probing coupled with high-throughput sequencing was employed to assess its influence on phenanthrene (PHE) degra-dation, the active PHE-degrading microbial community and PAH-degradation genes (PAH-RHD alpha). Our results show that both Low-BC and High-BC (soils amended with 1 % and 4 % w/w biochar, respectively) treatments significantly decreased PHE biodegradation and bioavailable concentrations with a dose-dependent effect compared to Non-BC treatment (soils without biochar). This result could be attributed to the immobilisation of PHE and alteration of the composition and abundance of the PHE-degrading microbial consortium by biochar. Active PHE degraders were identified, and those in the Non-BC, Low-BC and High-BC microcosms differed taxonomically. Sphaerobacter, unclassified Diplorickettsiaceae, Pseudonocardia, and Planctomyces were firstly linked with PHE biodegradation. Most importantly, the abundances of PHE degraders and PAH-RHD alpha genes in the 13C-enriched DNA fractions of biochar-amended soils were greatly attenuated, and were significantly posi-tively correlated with PHE biodegradation. Our findings provide a novel perspective on PAH biodegradation mechanisms in biochar-treated soils, and expand the understanding of the biodiversity of microbes involved in PAH biodegradation in the natural environment.

Automated summary

In this study, DNA-stable isotope probing and high-throughput sequencing were used to investigate the influence of biochar on phenanthrene (PHE) degradation, the active PHE-degrading microbial community, and PAH-degradation genes. The results showed that the addition of biochar significantly decreased PHE biodegradation and bioavailable concentrations, and altered the composition and abundance of the PHE-degrading microbial community. Furthermore, new microbial strains and genes involved in PHE degradation were identified.