Melaleuca rugulosa (Link) Craven Tannins: Appraisal of anti-inflammatory, radical scavenging activities, and molecular modeling studies

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Genus Melaleuca or tea tree species are well known to be an important source of biological active oils and extracts. The biological significance appears in their usage for treatment of several clinical disorder owing to their traditional uses as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities. Aim of the study: Our study aimed to investigate the metabolic profile of the M. rugulosa polyphenol-rich fraction along with determination of its anti-inflammatory potential, free radical scavenging and antiaging activities supported with virtual understanding of the mode of action using molecular modeling strategy. Materials and methods: The anti-inflammatory activity of the phenolic rich fraction was investigated through measuring its inhibitory activity against inflammatory mediators viz tumor necrosing factor receptor-2 (TNF-alpha) and cyclooxygenases 1/2 (COX-1/2) in a cell free and cell-based assays. Moreover, the radical scavenging activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and beta-carotene assays, while the antiaging activity in anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-tyrosinase inhibitory assays. Finally, the biological findings were supported with molecular docking study using MOE software. Results: The chromatographic purification of the polyphenol-rich fraction of Melaleuca rugulosa (Link) Craven afforded fourteen phytoconstituents (1-14). The anti-inflammatory gauging experiments demonstrated inhibition of inflammatory-linked enzymes COX-1/2 and the TNF-alpha at low mu g/mL levels in the enzyme-based assays. Further investigation of the underlying mechanism was inferred from the quantification of protein levels and gene expression in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophages (RAW264.7) in vitro model. The results revealed the reduction of protein synthesis of COX-1/2 and TNF-alpha with the down regulation of gene expression. The cell free in vitro radical scavenging assessment of the polyphenol-rich fraction revealed a significant DPPH reduction, peroxyl radicals scavenging, and beta-carotene peroxidation inhibition. Besides, the polyphenol-rich fraction showed a considerable inhibition of the skin aging-related enzymes as elastase, collagenase, and tyrosinase. Ultimately, the computational molecular modelling studies uncovered the potential binding poses and relevant molecular interactions of the identified polyphenols with their targeted enzymes. Particularly, terflavin C (8) which showed a favorable binding pose at the elastase binding pocket, while rosmarinic acid (14) demonstrated the best binding pose at the COX-2 catalytic domain. In short, natural polyphenols are potential candidates for the management of free radicals, inflammation, and skin aging related conditions. Conclusion: Natural polyphenols are potential candidates for the management of free radicals, inflammation, and skin aging related conditions.

Automated summary

This study investigated the metabolic profile of polyphenols in Melaleuca rugulosa, a species of the tea tree, and examined its anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenging, and anti-aging activities. The results showed that these polyphenols have the potential to treat conditions related to free radicals, inflammation, and skin aging.