Electroanalytical sensors for antiretroviral drugs determination in pharmaceutical and biological samples: A review

The high human immune deficiency virus (HIV) pandemic has resulted in the discovery, development, and use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs not only to improve patient well-being but also to reduce the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV. Due to drug-to-drug interactions, drug resistance, drug toxicity, and counterfeit drugs, there has been an urgent need for the development of portable, sensitive, selective, facile, and reliable detec-tion strategies for ARV analysis in both pharmaceutical and clinical settings. Electroanalytical techniques are of particular interest because they offer the advantages of onsite monitoring of ARV drugs due to their flexible nature and real-time analysis compared to traditional analytical techniques. It is evident from literature dating back a decade ago that voltammetry is the most used electroanalytical technique for ARV analysis. Hence, the present review aims to discuss how detection strategies for ARV have evolved over the years and focus on recent advances in ARV analysis. Furthermore, the review will focus on different types of ARV drugs and their respective mechanisms.

Automated summary

The HIV pandemic has led to the discovery and use of antiretroviral drugs for improving patient well-being and reducing the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV. Electroanalytical techniques, particularly voltammetry, have been widely used for ARV analysis due to their advantages of onsite monitoring and real-time analysis. This review discusses the development and recent advances in detection strategies for ARV drugs and focuses on different types of ARV drugs and their mechanisms.