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Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: T cell responses induced by different vaccine platforms cross-recognize early SARS-CoV-2 variants, while memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies show significant decreases. The majority of memory T cell responses are preserved against variants, with lower recognition of Omicron by memory B cells.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Philip A. Mudd et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce potent immune responses, including antibodies and CD4(+) T cell responses. Research has found that vaccine-induced follicular helper CD4(+) T cell responses play a key role in establishing long-term immunity.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sam Afkhami et al.
Summary: The study found that using adenoviral vectors with a multivalent vaccine through intranasal immunization can generate better mucosal immune responses, including local and systemic antibody responses, mucosal tissue-resident memory T cells, and mucosal trained innate immunity, and provide protection against multiple viral variants.
Article
Microbiology
Sara Terreri et al.
Summary: This study investigated the long-term and functional B cell memory induced by the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers. While specific antibodies declined over time, memory B cells persisted and increased, and breakthrough infections did not show signs of waning immunity.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Bavithra Vijayakumar et al.
Summary: Patients with persistent lung disease after COVID-19 discharge exhibit abnormal immune-proteomic profiles in the airways, characterized by elevated levels of proteins associated with cell death, tissue repair, and epithelial injury. The severity of airway dysfunction correlates with increased cytotoxic lymphocyte counts, while more extensive lung abnormalities are associated with elevated B cell numbers and altered monocyte subsets. Long-term follow-up indicates that these abnormalities resolve over time.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jeremy Di Domizio et al.
Summary: This study reveals the mechanism behind aberrant type I interferon responses in COVID-19 through the cGAS-STING pathway and demonstrates its importance in severe cases. By using animal and lung-on-chip models, the study provides insights into host-directed therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yunlong Cao et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 contains 15 mutations in the receptor-binding domain, leading to evasion of over 85% of tested neutralizing antibodies. Different epitope groups of neutralizing antibodies are affected to varying degrees by single mutations of Omicron. Antibodies targeting the conserved region of sarbecovirus remain most effective against Omicron.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Leo Swadling et al.
Summary: Research suggests that some individuals can clear potential SARS-CoV-2 infection after exposure, with T cells playing a role in the process. Studying healthcare workers who tested negative for antibodies revealed that they had stronger and more diverse memory T cells, with a focus on RTC.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jinyan Liu et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that cellular immunity induced by current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is highly conserved to the Omicron spike protein. Individuals vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S or BNT162b2 vaccines showed durable spike-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses that were cross-reactive to both the Delta and Omicron variants, including in central and effector memory cellular subpopulations.
Article
Immunology
Daniel Chauss et al.
Summary: Research suggests that Vitamin D plays a crucial role in regulating the transcriptional response of T cells, leading to the transition from pro-inflammatory to suppressive cells. In patients with severe COVID-19, disruptions in Vitamin D signaling may be responsible for dysregulation of the immune system, resulting in increased inflammation.
Article
Immunology
Anna H. E. Roukens et al.
Summary: Systemic immune cell dynamics during COVID-19 have been well-documented, but less is known about immune cells in the respiratory tract. This study characterized nasal and systemic immune cells in COVID-19 patients, showing increased inflammatory cells in the nasal mucosa during acute infection. After recovery, nasal immune cells mostly normalized, but SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells could persist for at least 2 months.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yu Gao et al.
Summary: This study found that SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells induced by prior infection or BNT162b2 vaccination provide extensive immune coverage against the Omicron variant. Additionally, T cells induced by BNT162b2 vaccination exhibit higher cross-reactivity to the Omicron variant compared to T cells induced by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Shirley Collie et al.
Summary: Preliminary data from a test-negative study design in South Africa showed that two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine had an efficacy of 50 to 70% against hospitalization caused by the omicron variant in Gauteng province.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Rhia Kundu et al.
Nature Communications
(2022)
Review
Virology
Zhen Zhuang et al.
Summary: This review focuses on the antiviral innate immune response, antibody response, and T cell response in HCoV infected mouse models, and discusses the potential implications for understanding anti-HCoV immunity and fighting the COVID-19 pandemic.
CURRENT OPINION IN VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Valeria Fumagalli et al.
Summary: In this study, researchers described a method using an inhalation tower system to expose unanesthetized transgenic mice to aerosolized virus. This approach has advantages in simulating COVID-19 pathogenesis and provides a useful tool for studying viral transmission, disease pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Ane Ogbe et al.
Summary: The duration of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination in people living with HIV (PWH) is unclear. A substudy of the COV002 trial was conducted on 54 HIV-positive male participants who received two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222). The study showed that immune responses were greater than baseline but declined after 6 months. However, there was no significant difference compared with HIV-uninfected individuals who received the same vaccine. Responses to the variants of concern were detectable but lower. Cross-reactive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were associated with stronger post-vaccine immunity.
Correction
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Vivek Naranbhai et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Lauren B. Rodda et al.
Summary: Research found that individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 generate more specific memory B cells, variant-neutralizing antibodies, and a distinct population of memory CD4(+) T cells compared to those who were previously naive. Additional vaccination does not replicate the unique CD4(+) T cell cytokine profile observed in previously infected individuals.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Zeli Zhang et al.
Summary: Multiple COVID-19 vaccines have successfully protected against symptomatic cases and deaths. Comparisons of T cell, B cell, and antibody responses to different vaccines can provide insights into protective immunity against COVID-19, particularly immune memory. mRNA vaccines and Ad26.COV2.S induced strong T cell responses, while mRNA vaccines showed substantial declines in antibodies.
Article
Immunology
Sudeb C. Dalai et al.
Summary: The study developed a novel T-cell immunosequencing assay called T-Detect COVID, which efficiently identifies SARS-CoV-2 infection, with potential implications for clinical management, risk assessment, and surveillance.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Hoyoung Lee et al.
Summary: Bystander activation refers to the activation of pre-existing memory CD8(+) T cells by cytokines without cognate antigens, which can have protective or detrimental effects on the host depending on the infection model or disease. Research has elucidated the mechanisms and immunopathological roles of bystander activation in various microbial infections. T cell receptor-independent triggering of T cells, known as bystander activation, plays an important role in homeostatic antimicrobial responses and immunopathology.
Editorial Material
Infectious Diseases
Freja C. M. Kirsebom et al.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Roanne Keeton et al.
Summary: Despite reduced neutralizing antibody activity, T cell responses induced by vaccination or infection can cross-recognize the Omicron variant and provide protection.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Caroline Junqueira et al.
Summary: This study suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection in monocytes and macrophages, mediated by antibody uptake, triggers inflammatory cell death and systemic inflammation, which prevents the production of infectious virus but contributes to COVID-19 pathogenesis.
Article
Immunology
Anastasia A. Minervina et al.
Summary: Thomas and colleagues explore the impact of multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigen exposures on T cell immunity. They find that vaccination after infection leads to expansion of spike-specific T cells, while individuals after breakthrough infection mount vigorous non-spike-specific responses. They also observe that all exposures elicit diverse T cell immune repertoires, with no evidence of repertoire narrowing from repeated exposure.
Article
Cell Biology
Stephanie N. Langel et al.
Summary: Vaccination through oral or intranasal routes can generate strong antibody responses, reduce viral load in the nose and lungs, and mitigate lung pathology caused by SARS-CoV-2. Mucosally vaccinated hamsters transmitted fewer viruses with less severity to naive hamsters, suggesting that mucosal immunization can reduce viral transmission. In a clinical trial, the same platform also induced mucosal cross-reactive antibody responses.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: This study assessed SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in acute COVID-19 patients and found that early S-specific CD4+ T cell responses were correlated with milder disease outcomes, especially within the first two weeks of symptom onset. Patients with milder disease had stronger CD4+ T cell responses that recognized non-S proteins in addition to S, while severe COVID-19 patients showed lower magnitudes of CD4+ T cell responses and a narrower repertoire.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Joey Ming Er Lim et al.
Summary: Nasal-resident T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 were detected in vaccinated individuals only after infection, highlighting the significance of nasal challenge in the formation of antiviral immunity at the site of infection.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Megan Schwarz et al.
Summary: This study reports the development of two quantitative PCR assays for detecting SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell activation. These assays are rapid, internally normalized, and can quantify the magnitude and duration of cellular immune responses, helping to determine revaccination strategies in vulnerable populations.
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Heba N. Altarawneh et al.
Summary: An analysis of data from Qatar showed that previous infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity all demonstrated effectiveness in protecting against symptomatic Covid-19 caused by the BA.1 and BA.2 sublineages of the Omicron variant.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Catherine J. Reynolds et al.
Summary: This study investigated the immune response of triple BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA-vaccinated healthcare workers to the B.1.1.529 variant. It was found that individuals vaccinated with three doses showed enhanced immunity against previous variants, but reduced immune response to B.1.1.529. Individuals previously infected with other variants showed enhanced immunity against earlier variants, but reduced immune response to B.1.1.529.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Aloysious Ssemaganda et al.
Summary: This study investigates T cells in the nasal mucosa and blood after vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. The results show an increase in tissue-resident memory CD8(+) T cells expressing CD69(+)CD103(+) in the nasal mucosa after the first and second doses, while CD69(+)CD103(+)CD8(+) T cells in the blood decrease post-vaccination. There is also an increase in nasal CD8(+)CD69(+)CD103(-) T cells, particularly following the second dose. Additionally, CD4(+) cells co-expressing CCR6 and CD161 are increased in abundance following both doses. Stimulation of nasal CD8(+) T cells with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides elevates expression of CD107a and cytokines.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Jinyan Liu et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cells contribute substantially to virologic control after SARS-CoV-2 challenge in macaques.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Jinyi Tang et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces strong immune responses in the circulation, but its effectiveness in the respiratory tract, especially against variants of concern like Omicron, is still uncertain. This study found lower neutralizing antibody responses in the respiratory tract of vaccinated individuals compared to COVID-19 convalescents, despite robust antibody responses in the blood. Vaccination also induced circulating B and T cell immunity, but these responses were absent in the respiratory tract. Mouse immunization experiments showed that systemic mRNA vaccination alone resulted in weak respiratory mucosal neutralizing antibody responses, but combining it with mucosal adenovirus-S immunization produced strong neutralizing antibody responses against both the ancestral virus and the Omicron variant. Overall, this study suggests that current COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective against severe disease, but provide limited protection against breakthrough infections, particularly by the Omicron sublineage.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Antonio Bertoletti et al.
Summary: This review summarizes the evidence supporting the role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in disease protection and analyzes the different factors that may influence the magnitude, function, and anatomical localization of these T cells, as well as their impact on protecting the host from severe COVID-19 development.
Article
Immunology
Mariana O. Diniz et al.
Summary: T cells can contribute to clearance of respiratory viruses and provide long-lasting protection. Pre-existing cross-reactive T cell responses play a crucial role in resisting infection. Airway-resident T cells with cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 have been found in healthy individuals, suggesting their potential use in mucosal vaccines.
Article
Cell Biology
Aneesh Chandran et al.
Summary: Through analysis of immune responses in unvaccinated individuals with non-severe virus infection, this study identifies early type 1 interferon and CD8 T cell responses as potential correlates of protective immunity, providing insights for the development of universal T cell vaccines.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Cell Biology
Katherine Kedzierska et al.
Summary: This article discusses epitope-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, their persistence in long-term memory, and their role in limiting disease severity.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Nicola Wanner et al.
Summary: The study provides evidence for the hepatic tropism of SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on liver injury in COVID-19 patients. The researchers found viral RNA in autopsy liver specimens and successfully isolated infectious SARS-CoV-2 from liver tissue postmortem. The study also reveals similarities between the liver signatures of COVID-19 and other viral infections.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Nicholas Kim Huat Khoo et al.
Summary: A study found that heterologous vaccine boosting can enhance the quantity and breadth of Spike-specific immune responses in individuals vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S, while homologous boosting has minimal impact.
Letter
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Mehul S. Suthar et al.
Summary: Antibody responses to the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine substantially declined after 6 months following the second vaccination.
Article
Cell Biology
Hiroshi Ishii et al.
Summary: This study investigates the efficacy of an intranasal vaccine and finds that it can result in NAbs-independent control of SARS-CoV-2 infection by inducing CD8(+) T cell responses.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Kanagavel Murugesan et al.
Summary: The study found that the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) accurately distinguished between convalescent and uninfected healthy blood donors, with a predominantly CD4(+) T-cell response. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 IGRA may serve as a useful diagnostic tool in managing the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Annika Nelde et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell epitopes were identified in convalescent and unexposed individuals, showing cross-reactivity with common cold coronaviruses. The diversity of SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses may be associated with mild symptoms of COVID-19.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alessandro Sette et al.
Summary: The adaptive immune system, consisting of B cells, CD4(+) T cells, and CD8(+) T cells, plays varying roles in different viral infections and vaccines. Studies are showing that CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and neutralizing antibodies all play a part in controlling SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 cases, emphasizing the importance of understanding adaptive immunity in combating the disease.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Manish Sagar et al.
Summary: The study suggests that individuals with prior endemic coronavirus infections were tested more frequently for respiratory infections, but had similar rates of acquiring SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, patients with previous endemic coronavirus infections experienced less severe cases of COVID-19.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Zhen Zhuang et al.
Summary: This study identified SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell epitopes and demonstrated the important role of virus-specific T cells in the immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in regulating immune responses. T cell vaccination alone partially protected SARS-CoV-2-infected mice from severe disease.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Katherine McMahan et al.
Summary: Adoptive transfer of purified IgG from convalescent macaques protects naive macaques against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cellular immune responses contribute to protection against rechallenge with SARS-CoV-2. The findings suggest that relatively low antibody titres are sufficient for protection against SARS-CoV-2 in macaques, while higher antibody titres are required for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article
Cell Biology
Anthony T. Tan et al.
Summary: This study found that early induction of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secreting SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells was present in patients with mild disease and accelerated viral clearance, while rapid induction and quantity of humoral responses were associated with an increase in disease severity. These findings highlight the importance of early functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in both vaccine design and immune monitoring.
Article
Immunology
Peter A. Szabo et al.
Summary: This study investigated the immune responses in the respiratory tract and blood of severe COVID-19 patients, revealing that T cells in the airways showed protective profiles while myeloid cells exhibited hyperinflammatory signatures. These findings provide important insights for understanding and treating COVID-19 lung pathology.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Kathryn E. Stephenson et al.
Summary: The study evaluated the immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in human participants, showing rapid induction of spike-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Various antibody subclasses, Fc receptor binding properties, and antiviral functions were induced, along with CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Nina Le Bert et al.
Summary: The efficacy of virus-specific T cells in clearing pathogens involves a delicate balance between antiviral and inflammatory responses. Asymptomatic individuals clearing SARS-CoV-2 showed increased production of IFN-gamma and IL-2, along with a proportional secretion of IL-10 and proinflammatory cytokines, while symptomatic individuals displayed a disproportionate secretion of inflammatory cytokines triggered by SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell activation.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Jianmin Zuo et al.
Summary: The study shows that functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are retained and robust at 6 months following infection, with higher T cell responses observed in donors who had experienced symptomatic infection. Levels of nucleoprotein-specific T cells were correlated with nucleoprotein-specific antibody levels, providing insights into the persistence and correlation of immune responses.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Rishi R. Goel et al.
Summary: This study found that immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants remains robust for at least 6 months after mRNA vaccination, with antibodies declining but still detectable in most individuals. mRNA vaccines also induced functional memory B cells and antigen-specific T cells, with recall responses primarily increasing antibody levels in individuals with preexisting immunity.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ji-Seung Yoo et al.
Summary: The authors show that SARS-CoV-2 targets key transcriptional regulators of the MHC class I pathway to hinder antigen presentation, revealing an immune evasion mechanism that suppresses host immune response.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Biology
Jason Neidleman et al.
Summary: Vaccination with mRNA vaccines can enhance the quantity and quality of T cells in response to SARS-CoV-2, providing better protection against severe COVID-19. Individuals who have had COVID-19 may not show significant improvement in T cell response after the second vaccine dose, but they may still offer more overall protection. T cells activated by vaccination respond similarly to different variants of the virus, and vaccinated convalescents may have more persistent SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells with the ability to home to the respiratory tract.
Article
Immunology
Stefanie Kreutmair et al.
Summary: The immune profiles of severe COVID-19 and non-SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia patients show similarities in some aspects, but pathological immune signatures indicative of T cell exhaustion are exclusive to COVID-19 and linked to impaired virus recognition. Circulating NKT cell frequency was identified as a predictive biomarker for patient outcome.
Letter
Immunology
Johan Ringlander et al.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Leonidas Stamatatos et al.
Summary: The study found that vaccination of both previously infected individuals and those who were not infected resulted in increased neutralizing antibody titers, with previously infected individuals showing a greater boost in neutralizing titers. Vaccination of naive individuals also elicited cross-neutralizing responses, but at lower titers.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jun Siong Low et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates a robust CD4(+) T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleoprotein in COVID-19-recovered individuals, with a highly immunogenic receptor-binding domain (RBD). Through characterizing T cell clones, it was found that a region containing nested HLA-DR and HLA-DP-restricted epitopes is immunodominant. Cross-reactive T cells targeting multiple S protein sites were identified, which can guide vaccination strategies against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Catherine J. Reynolds et al.
Summary: Vaccination with a single dose of BNT162b2 after prior infection with a heterologous variant substantially enhances neutralizing antibody responses against variants. In contrast, individuals without prior infection showed reduced immunity against variants after receiving a single vaccine dose.
Article
Immunology
Bingyu Yan et al.
Summary: Patients with COVID-19 present a wide range of acute clinical manifestations, affecting the lungs, liver, kidneys, and gut. Research has found that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces high activation of the complement system intracellularly in respiratory epithelial cells, with distinct complement activation signatures in cells from patients. Combination therapy with JAK inhibitors and drugs that normalize NF-kappa B signaling could potentially have clinical application for severe COVID-19 patients, by inhibiting C3a production.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Mohammad Rizki Akbar et al.
Summary: The study concluded that low serum 25-OHD levels were associated with higher susceptibility to COVID-19 infection, severe presentation of the disease, and increased mortality rates.
FRONTIERS IN NUTRITION
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Antonio Bertoletti et al.
Summary: Virus-specific T cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection can play a dual role in either protection or pathogenesis, highlighting the importance of studying the function of these cells for future therapeutic and preventative strategies.
CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Saurabh Gombar et al.
Summary: The study shows that individuals with a history of seasonal coronavirus infection have similar rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19 compared to those without such a history, indicating that prior infection with seasonal coronaviruses does not confer immunity to subsequent infection with SARS-CoV-2.
DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Marius Schwabenland et al.
Summary: The study found profound neuroinflammation in COVID-19 patients, with activation of innate and adaptive immune cells. These pathological changes are associated with systemic inflammation and disturbed hemostasis, suggesting potential therapeutic strategies.
Article
Immunology
Mark M. Painter et al.
Summary: The study found that after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, CD4(+) T cell responses in naïve individuals were fast, while CD8(+) T cell responses developed gradually. Th1 and Tfh cell responses after the first dose were correlated with post-boost CD8(+) T cells and neutralizing antibodies.
Article
Immunology
Nagarjuna R. Cheemarla et al.
Summary: Initial replication of SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract is crucial for establishing infection, and the host innate immune defenses play a significant role in restricting early infection. The activity of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) impacts viral replication and transmission during infection, and cross-reactive antiviral responses induced by different viruses can provide protection against SARS-CoV-2.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jackson S. Turner et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce a persistent germinal centre B cell response in humans, leading to the generation of robust humoral immunity, especially more significant in individuals previously infected with the virus.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Galit Alter et al.
Summary: The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine has shown clinical efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19, including the B.1.351 variant, but there is uncertainty regarding its immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. The study found that neutralizing antibody responses were reduced against the B.1.351 and P.1 variants, while non-neutralizing antibody responses and T cell responses were largely preserved against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Valerie Oberhardt et al.
Summary: After vaccination, CD8(+) T cells become important effector cells in providing early protection, being effectively mobilized one week after primary vaccination and maintaining stability after booster vaccination. Compared with natural infection, vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells exhibit similar functional capacities but with a different subset distribution.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ugur Sahin et al.
Summary: The BNT162b2 vaccine shows 95% efficacy in preventing COVID-19 by boosting neutralizing antibody titres and activating specific T cell responses. The vaccine-induced immune response is broad and stable, lasting for a prolonged period, providing good coverage against various SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yiwen Zhang et al.
Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, significantly differs from SARS in its clinical and pathological characteristics. The viral protein ORF8 of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with MHC-I molecules, leading to their down-regulation and impairment of antigen presentation system, proposing ORF8 inhibition as a potential strategy for improving immune surveillance.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lucie Loyal et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates that preexisting spike-cross-reactive T cells play a functional role in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Cross-reactive immunity may explain the rapid induction of immunity after primary SARS-CoV-2 immunization and the high rate of asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 cases.
Article
Cell Biology
Jason Neidleman et al.
Summary: The study found that individuals who recovered from severe COVID-19 have increased and continuously growing numbers of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells, whereas fatal cases displayed elevated numbers of SARS-CoV-2-specific regulatory T cells and an escalation in activated bystander CXCR4(+) T cells over time.
Article
Immunology
Julia Niessl et al.
Summary: The study found that in individuals who had not been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD4(+) T cells were similar in tonsils and peripheral blood, but functional SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD8(+) T cells were mostly found in tonsils. This suggests that preexisting tissue-resident memory CD8(+) T cells in unexposed individuals could potentially mount rapid immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Shirin Kalimuddin et al.
Summary: The study showed that spike-specific T cells and binding antibodies were detectable 10 days after the first dose of the Pfizer/Bio-NTech BNT162b2 vaccine, suggesting that early T cell and binding antibody responses may induce early protection against COVID-19 compared to receptor blocking or virus neutralizing activity.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Ji Hoon Ahn et al.
Summary: Research shows that in the early stages of COVID-19, the virus replicates massively in multiciliated cells of the nasal epithelium, and infected ciliated cells are rapidly replaced by differentiating precursor cells.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Isabel Schulien et al.
Summary: The study found that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces and forms functionally competent memory CD8(+) T cell responses, which can persist in some SARS-CoV-2 convalescent individuals. Even in the absence of virus-specific antibodies, these virus epitope-specific CD8(+) T cell responses are induced following infection.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Anthony T. Tan et al.
Summary: Defining the correlates of protection for managing the COVID-19 pandemic requires analysis of both antibody and T cell parameters. A simple and rapid SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-specific T cell test showed sensitivity comparable to traditional methods, and revealed similar T cell responses between vaccinees and convalescents, with individual responses showing wide heterogeneity in magnitude regardless of the time of analysis. Both humoral and cellular spike-specific immunity should be tested post-vaccination to evaluate current vaccine strategies.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Chaolin Huang et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alba Grifoni et al.
Letter
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Irani Thevarajan et al.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Victor G. Puelles et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2020)
Article
Immunology
Leticia Kuri-Cervantes et al.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2020)
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Immunology
Daniela Weiskopf et al.
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(2020)
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Takuya Sekine et al.
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Carolyn Rydyznski Moderbacher et al.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Julian Braun et al.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Carolina Lucas et al.
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Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Robert Lorenz Chua et al.
NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2020)
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Divij Mathew et al.
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Medicine, Research & Experimental
Yanqun Wang et al.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2020)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Fabian Braun et al.
Article
Immunology
Yanchun Peng et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Adam G. Laing et al.
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Immunology
Petra Bacher et al.
Article
Immunology
E. Kinnear et al.
MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2018)
Review
Immunology
Megan E. Schmidt et al.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2018)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Angela Pizzolla et al.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2017)
Article
Immunology
Angela Pizzolla et al.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2017)
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Immunology
Jincun Zhao et al.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jason M. Schenkel et al.
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