Spike-specific T-cell responses in patients with COVID-19 successfully treated with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

Article Infectious Diseases

High titer of antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein among patients receiving neutralizing antibody cocktail therapy with REGN-COV

Hiroaki Sasaki et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the antibody titers among COVID-19 patients treated with REGN-COV. The results showed an elevation of IgG(SP) after REGN-COV administration, which was correlated with the reciprocal of ideal body weight.

INFECTION (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Signature of long-lived memory CD8+ T cells in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection

Sarah Adamo et al.

Summary: Researchers used spectral flow cytometry combined with cellular indexing of transcriptomes and T cell receptor sequencing to longitudinally characterize individual SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells from patients with COVID-19, identifying a distinct signature marking long-lived memory CD8(+) T cells. The study found that SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD8(+) T cells persisting 1 year after acute infection express specific markers and exhibit characteristics resembling effector memory T cells, and that certain transcriptional signatures and signaling pathways are associated with the fate of individual clones of these cells.

NATURE (2022)

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Review Immunology

The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2

Paul Moss

Summary: T cell immunity plays a central role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, with early responses correlating with protection. T cell memory provides broad recognition of viral proteins, limiting the impact of viral variants and offering protection against severe disease. Current COVID-19 vaccines elicit robust T cell responses, contributing to the prevention of hospitalization or death. Therefore, the importance of T cell immunity may have been underestimated.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

T cell response to intact SARS-CoV-2 includes coronavirus cross-reactive and variant-specific components

Lichen Jing et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 elicits a strong T cell response, with CD8 and CD4 T cells from convalescent individuals recognizing infected cells and inactivated whole viral antigen respectively. CD8 T cells exhibit low specificity, while CD4 T cells show higher breadth. Additionally, some CD4 T cell lines enriched using SARS-CoV-2 can cross-recognize seasonal coronavirus antigens.

JCI INSIGHT (2022)

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Review Virology

Epidemiologic characteristics of cases with reinfection, recurrence, and hospital readmission due to COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Sahar Sotoodeh Ghorbani et al.

Summary: Studies have shown cases of COVID-19 patients testing positive for the virus again after recovery, with higher reinfection rates in males and more frequent recurrence in females. Uncertainty regarding long-term immunity after SARS-Cov-2 infection indicates the possibility of reinfection and recurrence post-recovery. Efforts like mass vaccination and proper disease management can help control the frequent occurrence of the disease.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2022)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

The immunology and immunopathology of COVID-19

Miriam Merad et al.

Summary: Considerable research effort has been focused on deciphering the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infections and understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19, including Long Covid syndrome. The hope is that knowledge gained from this research will be applied to studies of inflammatory processes in critical and chronic illnesses in the future.

SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Immunology

Dose-Dependent Impairment of the Immune Response to the Moderna-1273 mRNA Vaccine by Mycophenolate Mofetil in Patients with Rheumatic and Autoimmune Liver Diseases

Maria De Santis et al.

Summary: The efficacy and safety of the Moderna-1273 mRNA vaccine were evaluated in patients with immune-mediated diseases under different treatments. The study found that mycophenolate treatment may impair vaccine immunogenicity, and higher doses were associated with a lower humoral response. These findings suggest the need to consider the effects of different immunotherapies when selecting a vaccination regimen.

VACCINES (2022)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

Immune responses after omicron infection in triple-vaccinated health-care workers with and without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection

Kim Blom et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

The anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody bamlanivimab minimally affects the endogenous immune response to COVID-19 vaccination

Robert J. Benschop et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the endogenous antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination in participants who had previously received a COVID-19 monoclonal antibody for prevention. The findings indicate that all participants, regardless of age, risk category, or vaccine type, mounted a strong immune response to full COVID-19 vaccination. The study suggests that the benefits of receiving COVID-19 vaccination outweigh any minimal effect on the endogenous immune response due to prior monoclonal antibody treatment.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Dynamics of Viral Infection and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in the Calabria Area of Southern Italy

Carmela De Marco et al.

Summary: This study reports on the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Southern Italy from March 2021 to February 2022. The study identified the circulating variants in the region and their dynamics over time, with Delta and Omicron becoming the dominant variants. The study also analyzed the distribution of these variants across Europe and different regions of Italy and predicted the effects of specific mutations on the host immune response.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Efficacy and safety of intramuscular administration of tixagevimab-cilgavimab for early outpatient treatment of COVID-19 (TACKLE): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Hugh Montgomery et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of tixagevimab-cilgavimab in preventing severe COVID-19 or death in non-hospitalized adults. The results showed that a single dose of tixagevimab-cilgavimab significantly reduced the risk of progression to severe COVID-19 or death, with favorable safety.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Immunology

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on vaccine-induced immune responses over time

Sebastian Havervall et al.

Summary: This study investigated the long-term impact of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection on immune responses after COVID-19 vaccination. The results showed that prior SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially enhanced T-cell responses, anti-spike IgG responses, and neutralising antibodies in vaccinated individuals. These findings suggest that prior infection should be considered when planning future COVID-19 vaccine programs.

CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides define heterologous and COVID-19-induced T cell recognition

Annika Nelde et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell epitopes were identified in convalescent and unexposed individuals, showing cross-reactivity with common cold coronaviruses. The diversity of SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses may be associated with mild symptoms of COVID-19.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

Alessandro Sette et al.

Summary: The adaptive immune system, consisting of B cells, CD4(+) T cells, and CD8(+) T cells, plays varying roles in different viral infections and vaccines. Studies are showing that CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and neutralizing antibodies all play a part in controlling SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 cases, emphasizing the importance of understanding adaptive immunity in combating the disease.

CELL (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

REGN-COV2, a Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail, in Outpatients with Covid-19

D. M. Weinreich et al.

Summary: Recent data indicate that complications and death from Covid-19 may be related to high viral loads. In this trial involving nonhospitalized patients, a cocktail of two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (REGN-COV2) reduced viral load, with a greater effect in patients with no immune response or high viral load at baseline. Safety outcomes were similar between REGN-COV2 dose groups and the placebo group.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Tacrolimus Use and COVID-19 Infection in Patients After Solid Organ Transplantation

Saifu Yin et al.

GASTROENTEROLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Early Treatment for Covid-19 with SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Sotrovimab

Anil Gupta et al.

Summary: In this study, among nonhospitalized patients with symptomatic Covid-19, sotrovimab treatment significantly reduced the risk of disease progression leading to hospitalization or death compared to placebo. Patients receiving sotrovimab also had a lower rate of serious adverse events.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Evolution of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mild-moderate COVID-19

Adam K. Wheatley et al.

Summary: The durability of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 immunity has major implications for reinfection and vaccine development. Antibody, B cell, and T cell responses decline over the first 4 months post-infection, while S-specific IgG(+) memory B cells consistently accumulate. The study suggests that natural infection may only provide transient protection at a population level, highlighting the need for more immunogenic and durable vaccines.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Immunology

Endogenous Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Patients With Mild or Moderate COVID-19 Who Received Bamlanivimab Alone or Bamlanivimab and Etesevimab Together

Lin Zhang et al.

Summary: In patients with mild or moderate COVID-19 treated with monoclonal antibodies, a wide range of antigenic responses to SARS-CoV-2 were developed. Small reductions in titers and neutralizing activity were observed, potentially due to decreased viral load following antibody treatment, suggesting minimal impact on the endogenous immune response.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Differential T-Cell Reactivity to Endemic Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in Community and Health Care Workers

Ricardo da Silva Antunes et al.

Summary: The study found that SARS-CoV-2 seronegative healthcare workers had higher CD4(+) T-cell responses against common cold coronaviruses, possibly due to higher occupational exposure. Additionally, exposure to SARS-CoV-2 may decrease T-cell reactivity against common cold coronaviruses, as observed in independent cohorts from Miami and San Diego.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Delayed production of neutralizing antibodies correlates with fatal COVID-19

Carolina Lucas et al.

Summary: Recent studies have shown that COVID-19 mortality is not primarily correlated with antiviral antibody levels, but more with the slower kinetics of antibody production.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Tackling COVID-19 with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies

Davide Corti et al.

Summary: Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of several human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and infectious diseases. Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic have paved the way for the development of more monoclonal antibody-based therapeutics.

CELL (2021)

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Review Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 human T cell epitopes: Adaptive immune response against COVID-19

Alba Grifoni et al.

Summary: This review summarizes recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes, highlighting the significant correlation between epitope number and antigen size. It also presents an analysis of 1,400 different reported SARS-CoV-2 epitopes and identifies discrete immunodominant regions of the virus and more prevalently recognized epitopes.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Lectins enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection and influence neutralizing antibodies

Florian A. Lempp et al.

Summary: The study reveals that C-type lectin receptors and other factors can serve as attachment receptors for SARS-CoV-2 infection, enhancing ACE2-mediated infection and modulating the neutralizing activity of antibodies.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Rapid and stable mobilization of CD8+ T cells by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine

Valerie Oberhardt et al.

Summary: After vaccination, CD8(+) T cells become important effector cells in providing early protection, being effectively mobilized one week after primary vaccination and maintaining stability after booster vaccination. Compared with natural infection, vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells exhibit similar functional capacities but with a different subset distribution.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Bamlanivimab plus Etesevimab in Mild or Moderate Covid-19

M. Dougan et al.

Summary: In this phase 3 trial, the combination of bamlanivimab plus etesevimab was found to reduce the incidence of Covid-19-related hospitalization and death among high-risk ambulatory patients compared to placebo, and also accelerated the decline in SARS-CoV-2 viral load.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory is sustained in COVID-19 convalescent patients for 10 months with successful development of stem cell-like memory T cells

Jae Hyung Jung et al.

Summary: The study reveals that memory T cell responses can be detected in convalescent COVID-19 patients up to 317 days post-symptom onset, indicating potential long-lasting immunity, especially with the presence of stem cell-like memory T cells.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern partially escape humoral but not T- cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent donors and vaccinees

Daryl Geers et al.

Summary: This study suggests that some variants might partially escape humoral immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection or BNT162b2 vaccination, but the S-specific CD4(+) T-cell activation is not affected by the mutations in the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology