4.6 Article

Phased Array Beamforming Methods for Powering Biomedical Ultrasonic Implants

出版社

IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2022.3197705

关键词

Implants; Phased arrays; Acoustics; Array signal processing; Ultrasonic imaging; Transducers; Gratings; Beamforming; implant; phased array; piezoelectric; power transfer; time reversal (TR); ultrasound (US); wireless

资金

  1. National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program
  2. Berkeley Wireless Research Center
  3. Hellman Fellows Fund
  4. Weill Neurohub

向作者/读者索取更多资源

This article presents the design of a custom planar phased array ultrasound (US) system capable of steering and focusing US power within a 3-D volume. The use of time reversal as a computationally simple beamforming technique is proposed and compared with other techniques in terms of energy transfer efficiency. The system is also demonstrated to enable simultaneous power delivery to multiple implants.
Millimeter-scale implants using ultrasound (US) for power and communication have been proposed for a range of deep-tissue applications, including neural recording and stimulation. However, published implementations have shown high sensitivity to misalignment with the external US transducer. Ultrasonic beamforming using a phased array to these implants can improve tolerance to misalignment, reduce implant volume, and allow multiple implants to be operated simultaneously in different locations. This article details the design of a custom planar phased array US system, which is capable of steering and focusing US power within a 3-D volume. Analysis and simulation is performed to determine the choice of array element pitch, with special attention given to maximizing the power available at the implant while meeting FDA limits for diagnostic US. Time reversal (TR) is proposed as a computationally simple approach to beamforming that is robust despite scattering and inhomogeneity of the acoustic medium. This technique is demonstrated both in active drive and pulse-echo modes, and it is experimentally compared with other beamforming techniques by measuring energy transfer efficiency. Simultaneous power delivery to multiple implants is also demonstrated.

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