期刊
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES
卷 70, 期 9, 页码 4328-4338出版社
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2022.3192532
关键词
Antennas; battery-less sensor nodes; energy harvesting (EH) surface; metamaterials; metasurfaces; radio frequency identification (RFID); rectennas; rectifiers; wireless power transfer
资金
- U.K. Royal Academy of Engineering
- Office of the Chief Science Adviser for National Security
- U.K. Royal Academy of Engineering under the Chairs in Emerging Technologies Scheme
A new type of RF energy harvesting surface was proposed, utilizing electrically small wire-type rectenna elements to achieve efficient energy collection and suppress load resistance dependence. Experimental results show that up to 36% power conversion efficiency can be achieved with 27.5 μW output power generated under a 40 kΩ load.
The dc power collected by radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) absorbing surfaces is limited by their physical aperture. Here, a compact, conformable, and ultrathin sub-1 GHz large-area RFEH surface is proposed based on electrically small (ka = 0.58) wire-type rectenna elements, with an effective area exceeding its physical aperture size. Using optimized large-signal complex source tuning, the rectifiers achieve up to 36% measured power conversion efficiency (PCE) at -20 dBm. The proposed 15 cm-diameter six-element array generates a 27.5 mu W at 1 V output from a 0.17 mu W/cm(2) incident power density across a 40 k Omega load. Owing to its series connection, the voltage output is boosted, and the load resistance dependence is suppressed enabling over 60% of the maximum RF-to-dc PCE, to be preserved for loads between 7 and 100 k Omega, with an area-normalized figure-of-merit nearly 100% higher than previous arrays. The proposed array is integrated with a commercial DC-DC converter and demonstrated powering a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) wireless sensor node (WSN) from an unprecedented incident power density of 0.25 mu W/cm(2). A practical demonstration using a commercial 3 W, 915 MHz Powercast source is presented, showing an 11 m operation range with a 1 V output and illustrating the impact of polarization mismatch on the proposed array.
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