How we treat clinical dilemmas in antiphospholipid syndrome: A case-based approach

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune condition characterized by thrombosis (arterial, venous, and microvascular) and/or pregnancy morbidity occurring in subjects persistently positive for antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). While the APS classification criteria are being currently updated to improve homogeneity in clinical research, patients who seek medical treatment often have a variety of laboratory and clinical charac-teristics that may not completely fulfill the classification criteria for overt APS. Those cases might represent a challenge in terms of treatment and overall management.We aim to present a collection of challenging scenarios of patients who tested positive for aPL and to discuss available literature to guide the therapeutic strategies.

Automated summary

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune condition characterized by thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity in patients with persistent positive antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Patients who do not completely fulfill the classification criteria for overt APS may pose challenges in terms of treatment and management. This article aims to discuss therapeutic strategies based on available literature for challenging scenarios of aPL positive patients.