Angiopoietins, vascular endothelial growth factors and secretory phospholipase A2 in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a growing public health burden, with high prevalence and mortality rates. A proportion of patients with HF have a normal ventricular ejection fraction (EF), referred to as HF with preserved EF (HFpEF), as opposed to patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). HFpEF currently accounts for about 50% of all HF patients, and its prevalence is rising. Angiopoietins (ANGPTs), vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) are proinflammatory mediators and key regulators of endothelial cells. Methods: The aim of this study was to analyze the plasma concentrations of angiogenic (ANGPT1, ANGPT2, VEGF-A) and lymphangiogenic (VEGF-C, VEGF-D) factors and the plasma activity of sPLA2 in patients with HFpEF and HFrEF compared to healthy controls.Results: The concentration of ANGPT1 was reduced in HFrEF compared to HFpEF patients and healthy controls. ANGPT2 levels were increased in both HFrEF and HFpEF subjects compared to controls. The ANGPT2/ANGPT1 ratio was increased in HFrEF patients compared to controls. The concentrations of both VEGF-A and VEGF-C did not differ among the three groups examined. VEGF-D was increased in both HFrEF and HFpEF patients compared to controls. Plasma activity of sPLA2 was increased in HFrEF but not in HFpEF patients compared to controls.Conclusions: Our results indicate that three different classes of proinflammatory regulators of vascular perme-ability and smoldering inflammation are selectively altered in HFrEF or HFpEF patients. Studies involving larger cohorts of these patients will be necessary to demonstrate the clinical implications of our findings.

Automated summary

This study analyzed the plasma concentrations of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors as well as the plasma activity of sPLA2 in patients with HFpEF and HFrEF. The results showed selective alterations of these factors in HFrEF and HFpEF patients, indicating the importance of further studies to determine the clinical implications.