Application of Salvinia sps. in remediation of reactive mixed azo dyes and Cr (VI)- Its pathway elucidation

The emerging industrialization has resulted in the rapid growth of textile industries across the globe. The presence of xenobiotic pollutants in textile wastewater threatens the ecosystem. Applying different microbes (bacteria, fungi & algae) has paved the way for phytoremediation - the eco-friendly, cost-effective method. The present study focuses on the phytoremediation of reactive dyes -Reactive red, Reactive Brown & Reactive Black and Cr (VI) in synthetic textile wastewater using Salvinia sps. The mixed azo dyes of each 100 mg/L showed decolourization of 75 +/- 0.5% and 82 +/- 0.5% of removal of 20 mg/L of Cr (VI) after eight days of incubation in a phytoreactor setup. Chlorophyll analysis revealed the gradual decrease in the photosynthetic pigments during the remediation. The degraded metabolites were analyzed using FT-IR and showed the presence of aromatic amines on day zero, which were converted to aliphatic amines on day four. The GC-MS analysis revealed the disruption of -N--N-bond, rupture of -C--N-bond, scission of -N-N-bond, and loss of -SO3H from the Reactive Black dye leading to the formation of an intermediate p-Hydroxy phenylhydrazinyl. The rupture of Reactive red dye resulted in the formation of p-Hydrazinyl toluene sulphonic acid, Naphthyl amine-3,6-disulphonic acid and 8-Hydroxy Naphthyl amine-3,6-disulphonic acid. Decarboxylation, desulphonation, deoxygenation and deamination of Reactive Brown dye showed the presence of different metabolites and metabolic pathways were proposed for the reactive azo dyes which were phytoremediated.

Automated summary

The rapid growth of textile industries across the globe, driven by emerging industrialization, has led to the presence of xenobiotic pollutants in textile wastewater that pose a threat to the ecosystem. The present study investigates the use of microbes and plants for the eco-friendly and cost-effective phytoremediation of reactive dyes and Cr (VI) in synthetic textile wastewater. The results showed significant decolourization and removal of Cr (VI) after eight days of incubation. Chlorophyll analysis revealed changes in photosynthetic pigments during the remediation process. Analysis of degraded metabolites using FT-IR and GC-MS provided insights into the degradation pathways of reactive azo dyes.