Evaporation variability of Nam Co Lake in the Tibetan Plateau and its role in recent rapid lake expansion

Previous studies have shown that the majority of the lakes in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) started to expand rapidly since the late 1990s. However, the causes are still not well known. For Nam Co, being a closed lake with no outflow, evaporation (E-L) over the lake surface is the only way water may leave the lake. Therefore, quantifying E-L is key for investigating the mechanism of lake expansion in the TP. E-L can be quantified by Penman- and/or bulk-transfer-type models, requiring only net radiation, temperature, humidity and wind speed for inputs. However, interpolation of wind speed data may be laden with great uncertainty due to extremely sparse ground meteorological observations, the highly heterogeneous landscape and lake-land breeze effects. Here, evaporation of Nam Co Lake was investigated within the 19792012 period at a monthly time-scale using the complementary relationship lake evaporation (CRLE) model which does not require wind speed data. Validations by in-situ observations of E601B pan evaporation rates at the shore of Nam Co Lake as well as measured E-L over an adjacent small lake using eddy covariance technique suggest that CRLE is capable of simulating E-L well since it implicitly considers wind effects on evaporation via its vapor transfer coefficient. The multi-year average of annual evaporation of Nam Co Lake is 635 mm. From 1979 to 2012, annual evaporation of Nam Co Lake expressed a very slight decreasing trend. However, a more significant decrease in E-L occurred during 1998-2008 at a rate of 12 mm yr(-1). Based on water-level readings, this significant decrease in lake evaporation. was found to be responsible for approximately 4% of the reported rapid water level increase and areal expansion of Nam Co Lake during the same period. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.