Biological response of epithelial and connective tissue cells to titanium surfaces with different ranges of roughness: An in-vitro study

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate how titanium (Ti) surface with different range roughness created by industrial machining influence the biological response of primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFB) and keratinocytes (HGKC) in terms of cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Methods: Four Ti surfaces of different roughness ranges were investigated: smooth (S: 0.08-0.1 pm), minimally rough (MM: 0.3-0.5 pm), moderately rough (MR: 1.2-1.4 pm) and rough (R: 3.3-3.7 pm). Discs topography and surface roughness were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and non-contact profilometer. Both cell lines were cultured, expanded, and maintained according to their supplier's protocols. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were evaluated at days 1, 3, 5, and 10 using cell viability and cytotoxicity colorimetric assays. Data were analysed via two-way ANOVA, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (p = 0.05 for all tests). Results: Both cell lines showed comparable initial proliferation activity of 70-86% for all the investigated roughnesses. HGKC showed better and higher proliferation % with S surface at all time points than all the other investigated surfaces which was significantly higher than MM at day 3 and higher than all the other investigated surfaces at day 5 and 10. On the other hand, HGFB exhibited the best proliferation with both MM and R surfaces with no significant differences from the other two surfaces (S and MR). Different surface rough-nesses and exposure times showed significant effect on cell proliferation in both cell lines. Cytotoxicity for both cell lines was generally the highest on day 3, with the following order from highest to lowest: S (19.86%) > R > MR > MM for HGKC and MM (39.48%) > MR > S >

Automated summary

This study investigated the biological response of primary human gingival fibroblasts and keratinocytes to titanium surfaces with different levels of roughness. The results showed that keratinocytes had better growth on smooth surfaces, while fibroblasts had better growth on minimally rough and rough surfaces. Different surface roughness and exposure times had a significant effect on cell proliferation, and cytotoxicity was highest on day 3.