4.7 Review

Phycobiliproteins, the pigment-protein complex form of natural food colorants and bioactive ingredients

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The formation of phycocyanin-EGCG complex for improving the color protection stability exposing to light

Rui Yang et al.

Summary: The study found that EGCG can alter the structure of PC and improve its stability, protecting PC by forming a complex to make it more stable during storage.

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Single-step purified R-phycoerythrin transmits cellular imaging functionalities in vitro

Malairaj Sathuvan et al.

Summary: The purification of R-phycoerythrin from Gracilaria corticata was efficiently achieved using a single-step chromatographic method based on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, maintaining structural integrity, UV-Vis spectrum characteristics, and stability. In vitro studies demonstrated the effective cell imaging properties of purified R-PE without impacting cell proliferation in Vero and Hep-2 cell lines.

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Physicochemical degradation of phycocyanin and means to improve its stability: A short review

Aida Adjali et al.

Summary: The cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis, spirulina, produces pigments like phycobiliprotein and phycocyanin. Phycocyanin, known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, is used in various industries. Factors like pH, temperature, and light affect its stability, with encapsulation in nano- or micro-structured materials being a promising method for enhancement.

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Biosynthesis and biotechnological interventions for commercial production of microalgal pigments: A review

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Summary: Microalgae pigments, as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic dyes, have significant value in nutrition and pharmaceutical industries. However, expensive cultivation methods and microbial contamination remain major obstacles to large-scale production.

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Thermal and acidic denaturation of phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis: Effects of complexation with λ-carrageenan on blue color stability

Stephan Buecker et al.

Summary: This study investigates the impact of adding λ-carrageenan on the color appearance of phycocyanin, a natural blue pigment, at different pH levels and after heat treatments. The results suggest that electrostatic interactions play a key role in the color shift of phycocyanin, and the complexation of phycocyanin and λ-carrageenan remains stable during heating.

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Novel adsorption approach for the enrichment of R-Phycoerythrin from marine macroalga Gelidium pusillum

Rochak Mittal et al.

Summary: In this study, the enrichment of R-Phycoerythrin was successfully achieved by selectively adsorbing contaminant biomolecules. The optimized conditions for using zeolite and gold nanoparticles as alternative methods for enrichment and purification resulted in considerable yields and enrichment factors.

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Degradation kinetics of C-Phycocyanin under isothermal and dynamic thermal treatments

Marco Faieta et al.

Summary: This study investigated the thermal stability of C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) and developed a model to estimate its thermal degradation. The results showed that C-PC remained stable at 45 degrees Celsius but degraded significantly within a short time at 80 degrees Celsius. Additionally, the degradation was found to be associated with conformational changes and aggregation of the protein subunits.

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Phycobiliproteins: Structural aspects, functional characteristics, and biotechnological perspectives

Jorge Dagnino-Leone et al.

Summary: Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are fluorescent proteins that can capture light energy and participate in photosynthesis. In addition to energy harvesting, PBPs also exhibit various biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor effects. They have potential applications in biomedicine, bioenergy, and scientific research.

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Sequential recovery of C-phycocyanin and chlorophylls from Anabaena cylindrica

Tania E. Sintra et al.

Summary: This study presents a sequential downstream process for extracting C-phycocyanin and chlorophyll from Anabaena cylindrica. By optimizing operational conditions, high pigment recovery rates were achieved. Additionally, purification of C-phycocyanin using polymer-based ABS led to a significant increase in purity without compromising photostability.

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Efficient extraction and preservation of thermotolerant phycocyanins from red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae

Chihiro Yoshida et al.

Summary: This study discusses the extraction of a blue protein called CmPC from red algae, which shows high tolerance to high temperatures and acidic pH. The method used for extracting CmPC does not involve freeze-drying or freeze-thaw, providing a potential candidate for PC production with thermotolerant properties.

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Improvement of the storage stability of C-phycocyanin in beverages by high-pressure processing

Zhong Zhang et al.

Summary: This study explores the impact of high-pressure processing (HPP) on the structure and color stability of phycocyanin, as well as its mixtures with whey protein and carrageenan. The results indicate that pH plays a significant role in the stability of the samples during HPP treatment, with pH 3.0 showing the highest stability. Furthermore, HPP treatment enhances the light stability of the samples, with improvements observed in phycocyanin-whey protein mixture at pH 5.0 and phycocyanin-carrageenan at pH 7.0.

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Using a B-Phycoerythrin Extract as a Natural Colorant: Application in Milk-Based Products

Ana Belen Garcia et al.

Summary: The study shows that B-phycoerythrin extract from the microalgae Porphyridium cruentum can be used as a natural colorant in milk-based products, with good properties and stability. It can simulate the color of marketed milk-based products with low staining factors and demonstrates good color stability during short-term cold storage.

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Improved thermal stability of phycocyanin under acidic conditions by forming soluble complexes with polysaccharides

Ying Li et al.

Summary: The study found that soluble complexes were achieved with iota-carrageenan, xanthan gum, and high-methoxyl pectin when complexed with phycocyanin, showing good colloidal stability without phase separation at pH 3.0 before and after heating. The electrostatic complexation between phycocyanin and these three polysaccharides was reinforced by hydrophobic interactions, with the iota-carrageenan-phycocyanin complex exhibiting the best colloidal and color stabilities.

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Antioxidant potential of nature's something blue: Something new in the marriage of biological activity and extraction methods applied to C-phycocyanin

Camilly Fratelli et al.

Summary: This study gathered information on the most used techniques for extracting C-PC from Spirulina in the past decade, finding that ultrasound-assisted extraction and solvent extraction using water or buffer were commonly used methods. However, UAE did not appear to protect the bioactivity of C-PC. Most studies in the previous ten years only used a single method to determine C-PC's antioxidant activity.

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Phycobiliprotein as fluorescent probe and photosensitizer: A systematic review

Xi Qiang et al.

Summary: Phycobiliprotein, a natural product found in various seaweeds, has numerous biological activities and is commonly used in medical applications for its anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and immune-enhancing properties. However, high-purity phycobiliproteins are notably more expensive than common varieties. This report provides a comprehensive analysis on the structural composition and applications of phycobiliproteins in fluorescent probes and photodynamic therapy.

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Self-Assembly of Phycoerythrin with Oligochitosan by Electrostatic Interaction for Stabilization of Phycoerythrin

Demei Meng et al.

Summary: Phycoerythrin (PE) extracted from Porphyra haitanensis can form complexes with oligochitosan, increasing the alpha-helix content and improving thermal and light stability. This study provides a method to reduce the susceptibility of PE to environmental changes, promoting its application as a natural pigment protein in food and chemical fields.

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Extraction and Purification of R-Phycoerythrin Alpha Subunit from the Marine Red Algae Pyropia Yezoensis and Its Biological Activities

Selvakumari Ulagesan et al.

Summary: In this study, phycoerythrin was extracted and purified from Pyropia yezoensis, showing significant antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells. The pigment had a typical spectrum of R-phycoerythrin and a molecular mass of 17.97 kDa, with a 100% sequence similarity with the R-phycoerythrin alpha subunit of Pyropia yezoensis.

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Effects of light intensity on the production of phycoerythrin and polyunsaturated fatty acid by microalga Rhodomonas salina

Jiahui Xie et al.

Summary: This study reveals the significant impact of lighting conditions on cell growth and PE synthesis in Rhodomonas salina, with increasing light intensity leading to higher production of PE and PUFAs.

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Increased C-phycocyanin extract purity by flocculation of Arthrospira platensis with chitosan

Daniil Sukhinov et al.

Summary: This study demonstrated that using chitosan as a flocculating agent can effectively harvest cyanobacteria Arthrospira platensis, extract purer C-phycocyanin, and enhance its thermal stability. However, the antioxidant activity may slightly decrease in the extracted C-phycocyanin after flocculation processes.

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Comparison of C-phycocyanin from extremophilic Galdieria sulphuraria and Spirulina platensis on stability and antioxidant capacity

Minxi Wan et al.

Summary: The study compared the stability of C-phycocyanins from extremophilic red algae Galdieria sulphuraria and commercial Spirulina platensis under different conditions, finding that the former was more stable, especially at higher temperatures and neutral pH. Additionally, both phycocyanins showed similar antioxidant capacities.

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Whey protein improves the stability of C-phycocyanin in acidified conditions during light storage

Shuang Zhang et al.

Summary: Low concentration of whey protein isolate (WPI) can delay the color degradation of C-phycocyanin during light storage at pH 3.0, while higher concentration of WPI may aggravate the color degradation after heat treatment. Structural changes of C-phycocyanin, such as protection of alpha-helix and transformation to beta-sheet, were confirmed through Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy. These results suggest that a low concentration of WPI can help protect the secondary structure of C-phycocyanin from damage during light storage.

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Phycocyanin from Spirulina: A review of extraction methods and stability

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Isil Ilter et al.

Summary: The study found that utilizing different encapsulation materials for microencapsulating phycocyanin can enhance its stability in foods. The type and ratio of wall materials significantly impact the solubility, color values, and microencapsulation efficiency of the microcapsules.

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Arthur Godoy Cottas et al.

Summary: The main phycobiliprotein found in cyanobacteria is phycocyanin, and the most efficient extraction method involves freezing cycles in an ultrasonic bath. For purification, the best system identified is the PEG 1500-potassium phosphate system.

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