Internalization study of nanosized zeolite crystals in human glioblastoma cells

While the use of nanozeolites for cancer treatment holds a great promise, it also requires a better understanding of the interaction between the zeolite nanoparticles and cancer cells and notably their internalization and biodistribution. It is particularly important in situation of hypoxia, a very common situations in aggressive cancers, which may change the energetic processes required for cellular uptake. Herein, we studied, in vitro, the kinetics of the internalization process and the intracellular localization of nanosized zeolite X (FAU-X) into glioblastoma cells. In normoxic conditions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a rapid cell membrane adhesion of zeolite nanoparticles (< 5 min following application in the cell medium), occurring before an energy-dependent uptake which appeared between 1 h and 4 h. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and flow cytometry analyzes, confirmed that the zeolite nanoparticles accumulate over time into the cytoplasm and were mostly located into vesicles visible at least up to 6 days. Interestingly, the uptake of zeolite nanoparticles was found to be dependent on oxygen concentration, i.e. an increase in internalization in severe hypoxia (0.2 % of O2) was observed. No toxicity of zeolite FAU-X nanoparticles was detected after 24 h and 72 h. The results clearly showed that the nanosized zeolites crystals were rapidly internalized via energy-requiring mechanism by cancer cells and even more in the hypoxic conditions. Once the zeolite nanoparticles were internalized into cells, they appeared to be safe and stable and therefore, they are envisioned to be used as carrier of various compounds to target cancer cells.

Automated summary

This study investigated the kinetics and intracellular localization of nanosized zeolite X (FAU-X) internalization into glioblastoma cells in vitro. The results demonstrated that the nanosized zeolite crystals were rapidly internalized via an energy-requiring mechanism, with a more significant uptake observed under hypoxic conditions. Once internalized, the zeolite nanoparticles appeared to be safe and stable, suggesting their potential use as carriers for targeting cancer cells.