期刊
CHEMOSPHERE
卷 303, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135087
关键词
Halogenated DBPs; Non-target analysis; Orbitrap; Drinking water; Formation potential test
资金
- Spanish Ministry of Science, Inno-vation and Universities [NDMA_Predict (CTM 2017-85335-R), PID 2020-114065RB-C21]
- European Fund for Regional Development under the National Program for Research Aimed at the Challenges of Society [19S01446-006]
- Ajuntament de Barcelona (Institut de Cultura, Pla Barcelona Cie`ncia 2019) [RyC-2015-17108]
- Generalitat de Catalunya through Consolidated Research Group ENV [2019-2023?, CEX 2018-000806-S]
- ICRA, Spain
- CERCA program
- Spanish Minis-try of Science and Innovation
- Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa
- Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program
- Scientific and Technical Services of the Catalan Institute of Water Research (ICRA) , Spain
- AGBAR
The generation of disinfection by-products during water chlorination is a major concern in water treatment. This study used high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) to identify nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products (DBPs) and evaluate their presence in potable water. The results revealed the occurrence of numerous DBPs, with a significant fraction being detected in the final product water.
The generation of disinfection by-products during water chlorination is a major concern in water treatment, given the potential health risks that these substances may pose. In particular, nitrogen-containing DBPs are believed to have greater toxicological significance than carbon-based DBPs. Hence, high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) in positive mode was employed to identify new non-volatile nitrogen containing disinfection by-products (DBPs) and to assess their presence in potable water. Nine water samples were taken in the Llobregat river, in the context of a water reuse trial, near the catchment of a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) in 2019. River samples were disinfected with chlorine under controlled formation potential tests conditions and analysed with a non-target approach. The peak lists of raw and chlorinated samples were compared exhaustively, resulting in an extensive list of 495 DBPs that include bromine and/or chlorine atoms. 172 of these species were found frequently, in three or more chlorinated samples. The empirical formulae of these DBPs were unambiguously annotated on the basis of accurate m/z measurements, isotopic patterns and common heuristic rules. Most of the annotated species (310) contained bromide, which is consistent with the relatively high bromide content of the Llobregat basin (>0.3 mg/l). Drinking water samples were taken at the outlet of the DWTP during the same sampling period. According to their analysis, a large portion of the DBPs detected after the formation potential tests do not reach real-life drinking water, which suggests that the treatment train successfully removes a significant fraction of DBP precursors. However, 131 DBPs could still be detected in the final product water. A larger sampling was carried in the Barcelona water distribution network, during six consecutive weeks, and it revealed the presence of 78 halogenated DBPs in end-consumer water, most of which were nitrogen-containing. MS/MS fragmentation and retention times were employed to tentatively suggest molecular structure for these recalcitrant DBPs.
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