Outlook on bismuth-based photocatalysts for environmental applications: A specific emphasis on Z-scheme mechanisms

Semiconductor photocatalysis is thought to be a viable solution for addressing the growing problem of environmental pollution. Bismuth (Bi) metal oxides can function as a direct plasmonic photocatalyst or cocatalyst to accelerate the photogenerated charge separation and thus improve their photocatalytic activity. Hence, Bi-based photocatalysts have received a lot of attention due to their extensive environmental applications, including pollutant remediation and energy concepts. Massive efforts have been undertaken in the recent decade to find superior Bi-metal oxides (Bi2XO6, X = MO, W, or Cr) and to uncover the corresponding photocatalytic reaction mechanism for the degradation of organic contaminants in water. Herein, the unique crystalline and electronic properties and main synthesis methods, as well as the major Bi-Based direct Z-scheme photocatalysts, are timely discussed and summarized in their usage in water treatment. Besides, the impact of Bi2XO6 in energy storage devices and solar energy conversion is reviewed as an energy application. Finally, the future development and challenges of Z-scheme-based Bi2XO6 photocatalysts are briefly explored, summarized, and forecasted.

Automated summary

Semiconductor photocatalysis is considered a viable solution for addressing environmental pollution. Bismuth (Bi) metal oxides have shown great potential as direct plasmonic photocatalysts or cocatalysts, enhancing charge separation and improving photocatalytic activity. Bi-based photocatalysts have gained attention for their applications in pollutant remediation and energy concepts. This article discusses and summarizes the unique properties, synthesis methods, and major Bi-based Z-scheme photocatalysts for water treatment. It also reviews the impact of Bi2XO6 in energy storage devices and solar energy conversion, and briefly explores the future development and challenges of Z-scheme-based Bi2XO6 photocatalysts.