Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles against the gastrointestinal nematode, Haemonchus contortus

The present study focuses on the in vitro anthelmintic activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using the aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica against Haemonchus contortus. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The UV-Vis spectrum exhibited a sharp peak at 420 nm, which was validated by electron microscopy, indicating the preparation of spherical nanoparticles measuring 15-25 nm in size. The in vitro study was based on an egg hatch assay (EHA) and adult motility inhibition assays. Six concentrations of AgNPs were used for EHA, ranging from 0.00001 to 1.0 g/ml, and a range of 1-25 g/ml was used for adult worms. The highest concentration induced 85 +/- 2.89% egg hatch inhibition. The IC50 value for EHA was 0.001 g/ml, whereas in vitro adult H. contortus motility inhibition was produced at 7.89 g/ml (LC50). The effectiveness of A. indica leaf extract (aqueous) was also evaluated, which showed an IC50 value for EHA of 115.67 g/ml, while the LC50 against adult H. contortus was 588.54 g/ml. The overall findings of the present study show that the experimental plant extract contains reducing properties for the synthesis of AgNPs which, in turn, showed potent anthelmintic properties. This is the first report where AgNPs have been tested for their anthelmintic properties in an in vitro model.